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<channel>
	<title>용접강도 &#8211; MyEngNote</title>
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		<title>용접 강도 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</title>
		<link>https://myengnote.com/welded-joint-strength-calculator/</link>
					<comments>https://myengnote.com/welded-joint-strength-calculator/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[동동]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:28:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[공학계산기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[맞대기용접]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[목두께]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[용접강도]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[필렛용접]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://myengnote.com/welded-joint-strength-calculator/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[용접부의 길이, 다리 크기(목두께), 가해지는 하중 및 전극 강도(Exx)를 실시간 조절하여 맞대기(Butt) 및 필렛(Fillet) 용접의 유효 목단면적, 전단/인장 응력, AISC 기준 허용 안전율을 산출하는 시뮬레이터입니다.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: 800; color: #0c0e25; border-bottom: 2px solid #00f2fe; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f680.png" alt="🚀" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 용접 강도 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</h2>


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/* ━━ WordPress 레이아웃 Override: 디자인 1 (2열 컴팩트 대칭 레이아웃) ━━ */
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
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}
/* 3열 레이아웃을 2열 레이아웃으로 변경하는 특화 스타일 */
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 24px !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
    grid-column: 2 !important;
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel {
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    order: 1 !important;
    align-self: stretch !important;
}
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}
/* 2열 통합 결과 분석 영역 레이아웃 */
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    gap: 20px !important;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    padding-top: 20px !important;
    margin-top: 10px !important;
    align-items: stretch !important;
}
/* Readout Box 스타일 */
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 1 !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    height: auto !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    justify-content: center !important;
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
    grid-column: 2 !important;
    grid-row: 1 / span 2 !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 12px !important;
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid .result-card {
    flex: none !important;
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center !important;
    min-height: 72px !important;
    height: auto !important;
    padding: 12px 16px !important;
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 2 !important;
}
/* 모바일/반응형 (800px 이하) ── 항상 세로형(1열) 정렬 및 시뮬레이터 캔버스 최상단 배치 */
@media (max-width: 800px) {
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
        order: 2 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
        order: 1 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .canvas-section {
        order: -1 !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
        height: auto !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
    .weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .app-container,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .main-container {
    max-width: 100% !important;
    padding: 12px !important;
}
/* Premium Advice/Formula Card & Typography Overrides */
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card {
    background: #ffffff !important;
    border: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    border-radius: 12px !important;
    padding: 16px !important;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card) !important;
    transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 8px !important;
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card h4,
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card h4 {
    font-weight: 700 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-main) !important;
}
.weld-strength-calculator-wrapper #text-judgment {
    font-size: 12px !important;
    font-weight: 500 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-muted) !important;
    line-height: 1.6 !important;
    word-break: keep-all !important;
}
</style>
<div class="weld-strength-calculator-wrapper" style="position: relative; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; margin: 30px auto; border-radius: 20px;">
    <div class="app-background-glow" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 1; pointer-events: none; overflow: hidden;"></div>
    <div style="position: relative; z-index: 2; width: 100%;">
    <div class="app-container">
        <!-- Header -->
        <header class="app-header">
            <div class="logo-area">
                <div class="logo-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-square-minus"></i></div>
                <div>
                    <h1>WELD STRENGTH</h1>
                    <div class="subtitle">용접 이음 강도 계산기 &#038; 실시간 2D 맞대기/필렛 시뮬레이터</div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="header-badge">
                <div class="pulse-dot"></div>
                <div class="badge-text">WELDING ANALYZER ACTIVE</div>
            </div>
        </header>
        <!-- Main Layout Grid -->
        <main class="app-main-grid">
            <!-- Left Panel: Controls -->
            <section class="panel control-panel">
                <div class="panel-header">
                    <i class="fa-solid fa-sliders text-cyan"></i>
                    <h2>시뮬레이션 제어 변수</h2>
                </div>
                <!-- Weld Type Tab -->
                <div class="tab-group">
                    <button id="tab-fillet" class="tab-btn active">
                        <i class="fa-solid fa-triangle-notch"></i> 필렛 용접 (Fillet)
                    </button>
                    <button id="tab-butt" class="tab-btn">
                        <i class="fa-solid fa-arrows-alt-h"></i> 맞대기 용접 (Butt)
                    </button>
                </div>
                <!-- Load P -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-weight-hanging text-magenta"></i> 가해진 하중 (P)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">작용 외력 (0.0 ~ 300.0 kN)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-p" class="custom-number-input" min="0" max="300" step="1" value="70">
                        <div class="unit-badge">kN</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-p" class="custom-slider" min="0" max="300" step="1" value="70">
                </div>
                <!-- Weld Length L -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-ruler-horizontal text-cyan"></i> 유효 용접 길이 (L)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">용접선 길이 (10 ~ 300 mm)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-l" class="custom-number-input" min="10" max="300" value="120">
                        <div class="unit-badge">mm</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-l" class="custom-slider" min="10" max="300" value="120">
                </div>
                <!-- Weld Leg size a / Plate thickness t -->
                <div class="input-group" id="group-a">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label id="lbl-leg-size"><i class="fa-solid fa-ruler-combined text-purple"></i> 용접 다리 크기 (a)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">두께 치수 (3 ~ 30 mm)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-a" class="custom-number-input" min="3" max="30" value="10">
                        <div class="unit-badge">mm</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-a" class="custom-slider" min="3" max="30" value="10">
                </div>
                <!-- Plate thickness t (모재 두께) -->
                <div class="input-group" id="group-t">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-border-all text-success"></i> 모재 두께 (t)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">플레이트 두께 (3 ~ 30 mm)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-t" class="custom-number-input" min="3" max="30" value="12">
                        <div class="unit-badge">mm</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-t" class="custom-slider" min="3" max="30" value="12">
                </div>
                <!-- Electrode Exx -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-bolt"></i> 용접봉 인장강도 (Exx)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">전극 파괴강도 (300 ~ 900 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-exx" class="custom-number-input" min="300" max="900" value="485">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-exx" class="custom-slider" min="300" max="900" value="485">
                </div>
                <!-- Electrode Presets -->
                <div class="presets-section">
                    <h3><i class="fa-solid fa-tags text-cyan"></i> 용접봉 표준 규격 프리셋</h3>
                    <div class="presets-grid">
                        <button class="preset-btn" id="preset-e60">
                            <div class="preset-icon">E60</div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">E60 계열</span><span class="preset-spec">415 MPa / 60 ksi</span></div>
                        </button>
                        <button class="preset-btn" id="preset-e70">
                            <div class="preset-icon">E70</div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">E70 계열</span><span class="preset-spec">485 MPa / 70 ksi</span></div>
                        </button>
                        <button class="preset-btn" id="preset-e80">
                            <div class="preset-icon">E80</div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">E80 계열</span><span class="preset-spec">550 MPa / 80 ksi</span></div>
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </section>
            <!-- Auto Injected Right Column wrapper for Design 1 -->
            <div class="right-column">
                <section class="panel simulation-panel">
                                <div class="panel-header">
                                    <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;">
                                        <i class="fa-solid fa-drafting-compass text-cyan"></i>
                                        <h2>실시간 2D 용접부 하중 전달 모사</h2>
                                    </div>
                                    <div id="txt-weld-state" class="canvas-scale-indicator">안전성 판정: 탄성 결합</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="canvas-wrapper">
                                    <canvas id="physics-canvas"></canvas>
                                    <!-- Overlay Floating Data -->
                                    <div class="canvas-overlay-data">
                                        <div class="overlay-item">
                                            <span class="label">목부 전단응력 (τ):</span>
                                            <span class="value text-cyan" id="txt-stress-overlay">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <!-- Mini Metrics -->
                                <div class="simulation-metrics-strip">
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">유효 목두께</div>
                                        <div id="txt-throat-t" class="value">0.0 mm</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="mini-divider"></div>
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">유효 목단면적 (Aw)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-throat-area" class="value">0.0 mm²</div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            <div class="simulation-results-section">
                                <div class="ratio-readout-box">
                                    <div class="ratio-title">결합 안전율 (F.S.)</div>
                                    <div id="txt-safety-factor" class="ratio-value">2.45</div>
                                    <div id="txt-safety-desc" class="ratio-type">구조적 안전 보장</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="results-grid">
                                    <!-- Stress -->
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-gauge-simple-high text-cyan"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit" id="txt-stress-card-title">유도 목전단응력 (τ)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-weld-stress" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <!-- Allowable stress -->
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-shield text-magenta"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit" id="txt-allow-card-title">AISC 허용 전단응력 (τ_allow)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-allow-stress" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <!-- Throat Area Aw -->
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-border-all text-purple"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">목단면적 (Aw)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-aw" class="card-value">0.0 mm²</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <!-- Base Metal Stress -->
                                    <div class="result-card" id="card-base-stress">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-square-rss text-success"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">모재부 인장응력 (σ_m, 허용: 150 MPa)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-base-stress" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="formula-card">
                                    <h4>AISC 표준 설계공식</h4>
                                    <div class="formula-equation" id="formula-txt-1">Aw = 0.707 × a × L</div>
                                    <div class="formula-equation" id="formula-txt-2">τ_allow = 0.30 × Exx</div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                </section>
            </div>
        </main>
        <!-- Disclaimer Footer -->
        <footer class="app-disclaimer" style="margin-top: 20px; padding: 12px 16px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.015); border: 1px solid var(--color-border); border-radius: 12px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--color-text-muted); line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start; clear: both;">
            <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-info" style="color: var(--color-cyan); font-size: 14px; margin-top: 2px; flex-shrink: 0;"></i>
            <span><strong>면책 조항 (Disclaimer):</strong> 본 시뮬레이터의 계산 결과는 교육 및 참고용으로만 제공되며, 실제 제품 설계나 제작 시에는 반드시 최신 공학 규격 및 공식 표준 설계 기준을 재확인하시기 바랍니다. 계산 값의 무결성을 보장하지 않으며, 이로 인해 발생하는 직접적/간접적 손해에 대해 제작자 및 본 블로그는 어떠한 책임을 지지 않습니다.</span>
        </footer>
</div>
    <!-- Physics & Animation Engine -->
    </div>
</div>
<script>
        (function() {
        let isInit = false;
        function initSimulator() {
            if (isInit) return;
            const canvas = document.getElementById('physics-canvas');
            if (!canvas) return;
            const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
            if (!ctx) return;
            isInit = true;
            window.__weld_initialized = true;
            // DOM Elements
            const tabFillet = document.getElementById('tab-fillet');
            const tabButt = document.getElementById('tab-butt');
            const sliderP = document.getElementById('slider-p');
            const inputP = document.getElementById('input-p');
            const sliderL = document.getElementById('slider-l');
            const inputL = document.getElementById('input-l');
            const sliderA = document.getElementById('slider-a');
            const inputA = document.getElementById('input-a');
            const sliderT = document.getElementById('slider-t');
            const inputT = document.getElementById('input-t');
            const sliderExx = document.getElementById('slider-exx');
            const inputExx = document.getElementById('input-exx');
            const groupA = document.getElementById('group-a');
            const groupT = document.getElementById('group-t');
            const cardBaseStress = document.getElementById('card-base-stress');
            const btnE60 = document.getElementById('preset-e60');
            const btnE70 = document.getElementById('preset-e70');
            const btnE80 = document.getElementById('preset-e80');
            const lblLegSize = document.getElementById('lbl-leg-size');
            const txtWeldState = document.getElementById('txt-weld-state');
            const txtStressOverlay = document.getElementById('txt-stress-overlay');
            const txtThroatT = document.getElementById('txt-throat-t');
            const txtThroatArea = document.getElementById('txt-throat-area');
            const txtSafetyFactor = document.getElementById('txt-safety-factor');
            const txtSafetyDesc = document.getElementById('txt-safety-desc');
            const txtStressCardTitle = document.getElementById('txt-stress-card-title');
            const txtWeldStress = document.getElementById('txt-weld-stress');
            const txtAllowCardTitle = document.getElementById('txt-allow-card-title');
            const txtAllowStress = document.getElementById('txt-allow-stress');
            const txtAw = document.getElementById('txt-aw');
            const formulaTxt1 = document.getElementById('formula-txt-1');
            const formulaTxt2 = document.getElementById('formula-txt-2');
            // State variables
            const state = {
                type: 'fillet', // fillet or butt
                P: 70.0, // kN
                L: 120.0, // mm
                a: 10.0, // mm (leg size)
                t: 12.0, // mm (plate thickness)
                Exx: 485.0, // MPa
                time: 0
            };
            // Resizing
            function resizeCanvas() {
                const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
                const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
                canvas.width = rect.width * dpr;
                canvas.height = rect.height * dpr;
                ctx.scale(dpr, dpr);
            }
            resizeCanvas();
            window.addEventListener('resize', resizeCanvas);
            setTimeout(resizeCanvas, 300);
            // Sync helper (updated to allow optional callback)
            function makeSync(slider, input, key, isFloat, callback) {
                slider.addEventListener('input', function() {
                    let val = parseFloat(slider.value);
                    if (!isFloat) { val = parseInt(slider.value); }
                    input.value = isFloat ? val.toFixed(1) : val;
                    state[key] = val;
                    if (callback) callback();
                    updateCalculations();
                });
                input.addEventListener('change', function() {
                    let val = parseFloat(input.value);
                    const min = parseFloat(input.min);
                    const max = parseFloat(input.max);
                    if (isNaN(val)) { val = min; }
                    if (val < min) { val = min; }
                    if (val > max) { val = max; }
                    slider.value = val;
                    state[key] = val;
                    if (callback) callback();
                    updateCalculations();
                });
            }
            // Leg size a must not exceed plate thickness t in fillet weld
            function validateWeldSize() {
                if (state.type === 'fillet') {
                    if (state.a > state.t) {
                        state.a = state.t;
                        sliderA.value = state.a;
                        inputA.value = state.a;
                    }
                }
            }
            makeSync(sliderP, inputP, 'P', false);
            makeSync(sliderL, inputL, 'L', false);
            makeSync(sliderA, inputA, 'a', false, validateWeldSize);
            makeSync(sliderT, inputT, 't', false, validateWeldSize);
            makeSync(sliderExx, inputExx, 'Exx', false);
            // Presets
            btnE60.addEventListener('click', function() {
                state.Exx = 415;
                sliderExx.value = 415;
                inputExx.value = 415;
                updateCalculations();
            });
            btnE70.addEventListener('click', function() {
                state.Exx = 485;
                sliderExx.value = 485;
                inputExx.value = 485;
                updateCalculations();
            });
            btnE80.addEventListener('click', function() {
                state.Exx = 550;
                sliderExx.value = 550;
                inputExx.value = 550;
                updateCalculations();
            });
            // Tabs
            tabFillet.addEventListener('click', function() {
                tabFillet.classList.add('active');
                tabButt.classList.remove('active');
                state.type = 'fillet';
                groupA.style.display = 'flex';
                groupT.style.display = 'flex';
                cardBaseStress.style.display = 'flex';
                lblLegSize.innerHTML = '<i class="fa-solid fa-ruler-combined text-purple"></i> 용접 다리 크기 (a)';
                formulaTxt1.innerText = 'Aw = 0.707 × a × L';
                formulaTxt2.innerText = 'τ_allow = 0.30 × Exx';
                txtStressCardTitle.innerText = '유도 목전단응력 (τ)';
                txtAllowCardTitle.innerText = 'AISC 허용 전단응력 (τ_allow)';
                validateWeldSize();
                updateCalculations();
            });
            tabButt.addEventListener('click', function() {
                tabButt.classList.add('active');
                tabFillet.classList.remove('active');
                state.type = 'butt';
                groupA.style.display = 'none';
                groupT.style.display = 'flex';
                cardBaseStress.style.display = 'none';
                lblLegSize.innerHTML = '<i class="fa-solid fa-ruler-combined text-purple"></i> 플레이트 두께 (t)';
                formulaTxt1.innerText = 'Aw = t × L';
                formulaTxt2.innerText = 'σ_allow = 0.60 × Exx';
                txtStressCardTitle.innerText = '유도 유효 인장응력 (σ)';
                txtAllowCardTitle.innerText = 'AISC 허용 인장응력 (σ_allow)';
                updateCalculations();
            });
            // Calculations
            function updateCalculations() {
                let throat_t = 0.0;
                let Aw = 0.0;
                let stress = 0.0;
                let allowable = 0.0;
                let base_stress = 0.0;
                let base_allowable = 150.0; // 0.60 * Fy where Fy = 250 MPa for general steel (SS400)
                if (state.type === 'fillet') {
                    throat_t = 0.707 * state.a;
                    Aw = throat_t * state.L;
                    stress = (state.P * 1000.0) / Aw; // MPa
                    allowable = 0.30 * state.Exx;
                    // Base metal tensile stress
                    base_stress = (state.P * 1000.0) / (state.t * state.L);
                } else {
                    throat_t = state.t; // butt weld throat thickness is plate thickness t
                    Aw = throat_t * state.L;
                    stress = (state.P * 1000.0) / Aw; // MPa
                    allowable = 0.60 * state.Exx;
                    base_stress = stress; // in butt weld, plate stress equals weld stress
                }
                txtThroatT.innerText = throat_t.toFixed(2) + ' mm';
                txtThroatArea.innerText = Aw.toFixed(0) + ' mm²';
                txtAw.innerText = Aw.toFixed(0) + ' mm²';
                txtWeldStress.innerText = stress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtStressOverlay.innerText = stress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtAllowStress.innerText = allowable.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                const txtBaseStress = document.getElementById('txt-base-stress');
                if (txtBaseStress) {
                    txtBaseStress.innerText = base_stress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                }
                let fs_weld = allowable / stress;
                let fs_base = base_allowable / base_stress;
                let fs = fs_weld;
                if (state.type === 'fillet') {
                    fs = Math.min(fs_weld, fs_base);
                }
                if (stress === 0) { fs = 99.0; }
                if (fs > 99) {
                    txtSafetyFactor.innerText = '무한대';
                } else {
                    txtSafetyFactor.innerText = fs.toFixed(2);
                }
                if (fs >= 1.0) {
                    txtSafetyDesc.innerText = '안정 (Safe Joint)';
                    txtSafetyDesc.style.color = '#10b981';
                    txtWeldState.innerText = '안전성 판정: 탄성 안정 범위';
                } else {
                    if ((state.type === 'fillet') ? ((fs_base < 1.0) ? (fs_base < fs_weld) : false) : false) {
                        txtSafetyDesc.innerText = '모재부 파손 (PLATE FAILED)';
                        txtSafetyDesc.style.color = '#db2777';
                        txtWeldState.innerText = '안전성 판정: 모재 플레이트 인장 항복 파단';
                    } else {
                        txtSafetyDesc.innerText = (state.type === 'fillet') ? '용접부 파손 (WELD FAILED)' : '인장 파손 (FAILED)';
                        txtSafetyDesc.style.color = '#db2777';
                        txtWeldState.innerText = (state.type === 'fillet') ? '안전성 판정: 용접 루트부 전단 파단' : '안전성 판정: 맞대기 용접부 인장 파단';
                    }
                }
            }
            // CAD Arrowhead drawing helpers
            function drawVerticalArrowheads(ctx, x, yTop, yBottom) {
                const arrowLength = 5;
                const arrowWidth = 3;
                // Top arrowhead (pointing up)
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(x, yTop);
                ctx.lineTo(x - arrowWidth, yTop + arrowLength);
                ctx.lineTo(x + arrowWidth, yTop + arrowLength);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
                // Bottom arrowhead (pointing down)
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(x, yBottom);
                ctx.lineTo(x - arrowWidth, yBottom - arrowLength);
                ctx.lineTo(x + arrowWidth, yBottom - arrowLength);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
            }
            function drawLeaderArrowhead(ctx, xTip, yTip, xElbow, yElbow) {
                const dx = xTip - xElbow;
                const dy = yTip - yElbow;
                const len = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
                if (len === 0) return;
                const ux = dx / len;
                const uy = dy / len;
                // Back along the line
                const arrowLength = 6;
                const arrowWidth = 3.5;
                const bx = xTip - ux * arrowLength;
                const by = yTip - uy * arrowLength;
                // Perpendicular components
                const px = -uy * arrowWidth;
                const py = ux * arrowWidth;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(xTip, yTip);
                ctx.lineTo(bx + px, by + py);
                ctx.lineTo(bx - px, by - py);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
            }
            // Animation Loop
            function animate() {
                requestAnimationFrame(animate);
                state.time += 0.05;
                const width = canvas.width / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                const height = canvas.height / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
                // Draw blueprint grid
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.05)';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                for (let x = 0; x < width; x += 30) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(x, 0);
                    ctx.lineTo(x, height);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                for (let y = 0; y < height; y += 30) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(0, y);
                    ctx.lineTo(width, y);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Compute parameters
                let throat_t = 0.0;
                let Aw = 0.0;
                let stress = 0.0;
                let allowable = 0.0;
                let base_stress = 0.0;
                let base_allowable = 150.0;
                if (state.type === 'fillet') {
                    throat_t = 0.707 * state.a;
                    Aw = throat_t * state.L;
                    stress = (state.P * 1000.0) / Aw;
                    allowable = 0.30 * state.Exx;
                    base_stress = (state.P * 1000.0) / (state.t * state.L);
                } else {
                    throat_t = state.t;
                    Aw = throat_t * state.L;
                    stress = (state.P * 1000.0) / Aw;
                    allowable = 0.60 * state.Exx;
                    base_stress = stress;
                }
                let fs_weld = allowable / stress;
                let fs_base = base_allowable / base_stress;
                let fs = (state.type === 'fillet') ? Math.min(fs_weld, fs_base) : fs_weld;
                if (stress === 0) { fs = 99.0; }
                const isFailed = fs < 1.0;
                // --- 2D WELDED JOINT DRAWING ---
                ctx.save();
                ctx.font = '700 11px Outfit, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.fillText('용접 이음부 응력 유도 모사 (2D 측면도)', 20, 25);
                const cX = width / 2;
                const cY_side = height * 0.28;
                const cY_plan = height * 0.78;
                const plateW = 100;
                const plateH = 8 + (state.t / 30) * 14; // Scales dynamically with t
                const weldLeg = 8 + (state.a / 30) * 14; // Scales dynamically with a
                const plateW_plan = 95;
                const weldL_px = 30 + (state.L / 300) * 60;
                // Crack displacement if failed
                let crackDisp = 0.0;
                if (isFailed) {
                    crackDisp = 5.0 + Math.sin(state.time * 2) * 1.5;
                }
                ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                if (state.type === 'fillet') {
                    // Fillet weld: overlapping plates (Lap Joint)
                    // Plate 1: Left-bottom
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#94a3b8';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#475569';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - plateW + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_side, plateW, plateH);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Plate 2: Right-top
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#cbd5e1';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH, plateW, plateH);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Triangular Fillet Weld Bead at (cX - 20, cY_side)
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25)';
                    if (isFailed) {
                        // Split triangle along 45 degree line
                        // Top part of weld stays with top plate
                        ctx.save();
                        ctx.translate(crackDisp/2, 0);
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - 20, cY_side - weldLeg);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20, cY_side - weldLeg/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2, cY_side - weldLeg/2);
                        ctx.closePath();
                        ctx.fill();
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                        ctx.stroke();
                        ctx.restore();
                        // Bottom part of weld stays with bottom plate
                        ctx.save();
                        ctx.translate(-crackDisp/2, 0);
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - 20, cY_side);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg, cY_side);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2, cY_side - weldLeg/2);
                        ctx.closePath();
                        ctx.fill();
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                        ctx.stroke();
                        ctx.restore();
                        // Draw failed jagged crack indicator
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                        ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2 - crackDisp/2, cY_side - weldLeg/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - weldLeg/2);
                        ctx.stroke();
                    } else {
                        // Unfailed weld triangle
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - 20, cY_side);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20, cY_side - weldLeg);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg, cY_side);
                        ctx.closePath();
                        ctx.fill();
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // Draw glowing 45 degree throat shear plane if stress is high
                        if (stress > allowable * 0.7) {
                            ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                            ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
                            ctx.setLineDash([2, 2]);
                            ctx.beginPath();
                            ctx.moveTo(cX - 20, cY_side);
                            ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2, cY_side - weldLeg/2);
                            ctx.stroke();
                            ctx.setLineDash([]);
                        }
                    }
                    // Tension force arrows
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                    // Pull right top plate
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 + plateW + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 + plateW + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 + plateW + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 + plateW + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2 - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 + plateW + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2 + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Pull left bottom plate
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW + 20 - 10 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW + 20 - 30 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW + 20 - 30 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW + 20 - 24 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2 - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW + 20 - 24 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2 + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // --- Fillet Weld CAD-style dimension lines ---
                    ctx.save();
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.lineWidth = 1.0;
                    ctx.font = '500 9px Inter, sans-serif';
                    // 1. Left Plate Thickness t
                    const dimLeftX = cX - plateW + 20 - crackDisp/2 - 35;
                    // Extension lines
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimLeftX - 5, cY_side);
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimLeftX - 5, cY_side + plateH);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Dimension line
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(dimLeftX, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimLeftX, cY_side + plateH);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Arrowheads
                    drawVerticalArrowheads(ctx, dimLeftX, cY_side, cY_side + plateH);
                    // Label
                    ctx.textAlign = 'right';
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
                    ctx.fillText('t = ' + state.t + ' mm', dimLeftX - 8, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    // 2. Right Plate Thickness t
                    const dimRightX = cX - 20 + plateW + crackDisp/2 + 35;
                    // Extension lines
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 + plateW + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimRightX + 5, cY_side - plateH);
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 + plateW + crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimRightX + 5, cY_side);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Dimension line
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(dimRightX, cY_side - plateH);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimRightX, cY_side);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Arrowheads
                    drawVerticalArrowheads(ctx, dimRightX, cY_side - plateH, cY_side);
                    // Label
                    ctx.textAlign = 'left';
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
                    ctx.fillText('t = ' + state.t + ' mm', dimRightX + 8, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    // 3. Leader line for Weld Size a and Throat Thickness
                    const arrowX = cX - 20 - weldLeg * 0.4 + crackDisp/2;
                    const arrowY = cY_side - weldLeg * 0.4;
                    const elbowX = cX - 20 - weldLeg - 30 + crackDisp/2;
                    const elbowY = cY_side - weldLeg - 30;
                    // Draw leader diagonal line and horizontal line
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(arrowX, arrowY);
                    ctx.lineTo(elbowX, elbowY);
                    ctx.lineTo(elbowX - 45, elbowY);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Draw arrowhead at tip pointing at the bead
                    drawLeaderArrowhead(ctx, arrowX, arrowY, elbowX, elbowY);
                    // Draw labels
                    ctx.textAlign = 'right';
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';
                    ctx.fillText('a = ' + state.a + ' mm', elbowX - 5, elbowY - 2);
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'top';
                    ctx.fillText('t_t = ' + (0.707 * state.a).toFixed(1) + ' mm', elbowX - 5, elbowY + 2);
                    ctx.restore();
                } else {
                    // Butt weld: aligned plates end-to-end
                    // Left Plate
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#94a3b8';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#475569';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - plateW - crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2, plateW, plateH);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Right Plate
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#cbd5e1';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2, plateW, plateH);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // V-groove weld bead in the gap
                    const vWidth = 12;
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25)';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    if (isFailed) {
                        // Jagged split inside V-groove
                        // Left bead side
                        ctx.save();
                        ctx.translate(-crackDisp/2, 0);
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - vWidth/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - vWidth*0.2, cY_side);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX, cY_side + plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - vWidth/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                        ctx.closePath();
                        ctx.fill();
                        ctx.stroke();
                        ctx.restore();
                        // Right bead side
                        ctx.save();
                        ctx.translate(crackDisp/2, 0);
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX + vWidth/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX + vWidth*0.2, cY_side);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX, cY_side + plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX + vWidth/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                        ctx.closePath();
                        ctx.fill();
                        ctx.stroke();
                        ctx.restore();
                        // Draw jagged red crack in middle
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                        ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - vWidth*0.2 - crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX + crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                        ctx.stroke();
                    } else {
                        // Continuous V-groove weld
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - vWidth/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX + vWidth/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(cX, cY_side + plateH/2);
                        ctx.closePath();
                        ctx.fill();
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // Draw vertical glow plane if stress is high
                        if (stress > allowable * 0.7) {
                            ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                            ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
                            ctx.setLineDash([2, 2]);
                            ctx.beginPath();
                            ctx.moveTo(cX, cY_side - plateH/2);
                            ctx.lineTo(cX, cY_side + plateH/2);
                            ctx.stroke();
                            ctx.setLineDash([]);
                        }
                    }
                    // Tension force arrows (horizontal outward)
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                    // Pull right
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + plateW + crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + plateW + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + plateW + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + plateW + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_side - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + plateW + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_side + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Pull left
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW - crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW - 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW - 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_side);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW - 14 - crackDisp/2, cY_side - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW - 14 - crackDisp/2, cY_side + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // --- Butt Weld CAD-style dimension lines ---
                    ctx.save();
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.lineWidth = 1.0;
                    ctx.font = '500 9px Inter, sans-serif';
                    // 1. Left Plate Thickness t
                    const dimLeftX = cX - plateW - 35 - crackDisp/2;
                    // Extension lines
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW - crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimLeftX - 5, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW - crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimLeftX - 5, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Dimension line
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(dimLeftX, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimLeftX, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Arrowheads
                    drawVerticalArrowheads(ctx, dimLeftX, cY_side - plateH/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    // Label
                    ctx.textAlign = 'right';
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
                    ctx.fillText('t = ' + state.t + ' mm', dimLeftX - 8, cY_side);
                    // 2. Right Plate Thickness t
                    const dimRightX = cX + plateW + 35 + crackDisp/2;
                    // Extension lines
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + plateW + crackDisp/2, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimRightX + 5, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + plateW + crackDisp/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimRightX + 5, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Dimension line
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(dimRightX, cY_side - plateH/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(dimRightX, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Arrowheads
                    drawVerticalArrowheads(ctx, dimRightX, cY_side - plateH/2, cY_side + plateH/2);
                    // Label
                    ctx.textAlign = 'left';
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
                    ctx.fillText('t = ' + state.t + ' mm', dimRightX + 8, cY_side);
                    // 3. Leader line for Butt Weld joint details
                    const arrowX = cX;
                    const arrowY = cY_side - plateH * 0.25;
                    const elbowX = cX - 35;
                    const elbowY = cY_side - plateH/2 - 30;
                    // Draw leader line
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(arrowX, arrowY);
                    ctx.lineTo(elbowX, elbowY);
                    ctx.lineTo(elbowX - 45, elbowY);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Draw arrowhead at tip pointing at the weld line
                    drawLeaderArrowhead(ctx, arrowX, arrowY, elbowX, elbowY);
                    // Draw labels
                    ctx.textAlign = 'right';
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';
                    ctx.fillText('t_throat = ' + state.t + ' mm', elbowX - 5, elbowY - 2);
                    ctx.textBaseline = 'top';
                    ctx.fillText('(t_throat = t)', elbowX - 5, elbowY + 2);
                    ctx.restore();
                }
                // --- Glassmorphic Divider ---
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.12)';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(15, height * 0.50);
                ctx.lineTo(width - 15, height * 0.50);
                ctx.stroke();
                // --- 2D PLAN VIEW (평면도) DRAWING ---
                ctx.fillStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.font = '700 11px Outfit, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillText('용접선 유효 길이 모사 (2D 평면도 - Top View)', 20, height * 0.56);
                ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                if (state.type === 'fillet') {
                    // Fillet weld plan view (overlap plates)
                    // Bottom plate (Left)
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#94a3b8';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#475569';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - plateW_plan + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan - weldL_px/2, plateW_plan, weldL_px);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Overlap joint hidden edge (dashed)
                    ctx.save();
                    ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.4)';
                    ctx.setLineDash([3, 3]);
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan - weldL_px/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan + weldL_px/2);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.restore();
                    // Top plate (Right, drawn on top)
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#cbd5e1';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan - weldL_px/2, plateW_plan, weldL_px);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Weld bead strip at cX - 20 + crackDisp/2 (along top plate's left edge)
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.3)';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - 20 - weldLeg + crackDisp/2, cY_plan - weldL_px/2, weldLeg, weldL_px);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // If failed, draw a jagged crack down the center of the weld line (no-flicker sine wave)
                    if (isFailed) {
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                        ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        let startY = cY_plan - weldL_px/2;
                        let endY = cY_plan + weldL_px/2;
                        ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2, startY);
                        for (let y = startY + 5; y <= endY; y += 8) {
                            let xOffset = Math.sin(y * 0.1) * 3;
                            ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2 + xOffset, y);
                        }
                        ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 - weldLeg/2, endY);
                        ctx.stroke();
                    }
                    // Pull Force Arrow - Right Plate (Tension)
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 + plateW_plan + crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 + plateW_plan + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - 20 + plateW_plan + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 + plateW_plan + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 20 + plateW_plan + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Pull Force Arrow - Left Plate
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW_plan + 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW_plan + 20 - 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW_plan + 20 - 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW_plan + 20 - 14 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW_plan + 20 - 14 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                } else {
                    // Butt weld plan view
                    // Left Plate
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#94a3b8';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#475569';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - plateW_plan - crackDisp/2, cY_plan - weldL_px/2, plateW_plan, weldL_px);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Right Plate
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#cbd5e1';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX + crackDisp/2, cY_plan - weldL_px/2, plateW_plan, weldL_px);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Butt Weld Bead strip in the gap
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.3)';
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.rect(cX - 4, cY_plan - weldL_px/2, 8, weldL_px);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // If failed, draw jagged crack down the center (no-flicker sine wave)
                    if (isFailed) {
                        ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                        ctx.lineWidth = 2.0;
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        let startY = cY_plan - weldL_px/2;
                        let endY = cY_plan + weldL_px/2;
                        ctx.moveTo(cX, startY);
                        for (let y = startY + 5; y <= endY; y += 8) {
                            let xOffset = Math.sin(y * 0.1) * 3;
                            ctx.lineTo(cX + xOffset, y);
                        }
                        ctx.lineTo(cX, endY);
                        ctx.stroke();
                    }
                    // Pull Force Arrow - Right Plate
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + plateW_plan + crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + plateW_plan + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX + plateW_plan + 20 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + plateW_plan + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + plateW_plan + 14 + crackDisp/2, cY_plan + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Pull Force Arrow - Left Plate
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW_plan - crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW_plan - 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - plateW_plan - 20 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW_plan - 14 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan - 3);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - plateW_plan - 14 - crackDisp/2, cY_plan + 3);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                }
                // --- CAD Style Dimension Line for Weld Length L ---
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.0;
                ctx.font = '500 9px Inter, sans-serif';
                const dimX = cX + plateW_plan + 35;
                // Top extension tick
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(dimX - 5, cY_plan - weldL_px/2);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX + 5, cY_plan - weldL_px/2);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Bottom extension tick
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(dimX - 5, cY_plan + weldL_px/2);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX + 5, cY_plan + weldL_px/2);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Vertical dimension line with arrowheads
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(dimX, cY_plan - weldL_px/2);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX, cY_plan + weldL_px/2);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Vertical arrowheads
                // Top arrowhead
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(dimX, cY_plan - weldL_px/2);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX - 3, cY_plan - weldL_px/2 + 6);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX + 3, cY_plan - weldL_px/2 + 6);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
                // Bottom arrowhead
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(dimX, cY_plan + weldL_px/2);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX - 3, cY_plan + weldL_px/2 - 6);
                ctx.lineTo(dimX + 3, cY_plan + weldL_px/2 - 6);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
                // Dimension text
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(dimX + 12, cY_plan);
                ctx.rotate(Math.PI / 2);
                ctx.textAlign = 'center';
                ctx.fillText('L = ' + state.L + ' mm', 0, 0);
                ctx.restore();
                ctx.restore();
                ctx.restore();
            }
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            document.addEventListener('contextmenu', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
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            }, { capture: true });
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                e.preventDefault();
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                if (e.key === 'F12') {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                    return false;
                }
                if (e.ctrlKey) {
                    if (e.key === 'u' || e.key === 'c' || e.key === 's' || e.key === 'U' || e.key === 'C' || e.key === 'S') {
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                        alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                        return false;
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                        if (['i','I','j','J','c','C'].includes(e.key)) {
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                            alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }, { capture: true });
            // Initialize
            updateCalculations();
            animate();
        }
        let initAttempts = 0;
        function tryInit() {
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    <strong style="color: #1f2937; font-size: 1.05em; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
        <span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="💡" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></span> 간편 사용 설명서
    </strong>
    <ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; padding-left: 20px;">
        <li style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><strong>용접 이음 양식 선택: 상단 탭에서 부재를 평행하게 연결하는 맞대기 용접(Butt Weld) 또는 직교/중첩 결합하는 필렛 용접(Fillet Weld)을 선택합니다.</strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">용접 치수 및 전극 설정: 슬라이더를 부드럽게 조정하여 유효 용접 길이(L), 용접 목두께/다리길이(a), 용접봉 인장강도 규격(Exx)을 선택합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">인장/전단 하중 부여: 용접 이음부에 작용하는 하중(P)을 조절하여 실시간 부하 압력을 증가시킵니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">목단면 응력 및 안전 마진 계측: 접합부 중앙에 발생하는 유효 전단/인장 응력을 계측하고, AISC(미국강구조학회) 표준 허용 응력에 따른 안전율(F.S.) 및 파괴 조각 시각화를 모니터링합니다.</li>
    </ol>
</div>


<details class="premium-seo-accordion" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.08); border-radius: 12px; background: #fbfbfc; padding: 0; margin: 30px auto; box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.01); font-family: sans-serif;">
    <summary style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 20px 24px; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700; color: #1f2937; cursor: pointer; user-select: none; outline: none; list-style: none;">
        <span><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4da.png" alt="📚" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 용접 강도 역학 공식 및 AISC 표준 허용력 해설 확인하기</span>
        <span class="accordion-arrow" style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #9ca3af; transition: transform 0.2s ease;">▼</span>
    </summary>
    <div style="padding: 0 24px 24px 24px; border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.04); background: #ffffff; border-radius: 0 0 12px 12px; font-size: 0.98em; color: #374151; line-height: 1.8;">
        <div style="margin-top: 20px;">
            <h3>1. 용접 접합(Welded Joint)의 기하학적 형상 분류</h3>
<p>철강 구조물 제작에서 용접은 가장 견고하고 일체화된 기계적 접합 방식입니다. 하중 작용 방향과 단면 형상에 따라 대표적으로 두 종류로 나뉩니다.</p><ul><li><strong>맞대기 용접 (Butt Weld / Groove Weld):</strong> 두 플레이트를 동일 평면 상에 맞대고 V형이나 U형 홈을 가공한 뒤 용접 금속을 채우는 결합 형태입니다. 주된 유효 단면은 플레이트 두께 자체와 용접 길이로 이루어지며, 인장 하중에 저항합니다.</li><li><strong>필렛 용접 (Fillet Weld):</strong> 두 강판이 겹쳐지거나(Lap Joint) 티(T)형으로 만나는 코너 부위를 직각삼각형 모양으로 접합하는 방식입니다. 주로 경사각 45도 방향의 전단 파괴선인 <strong>유효 목두께(Throat Thickness)</strong>에서 최소 전단 강도가 결정됩니다.</li></ul>
<h3>2. 유효 목두께(Effective Throat Area) 산출 공식</h3>
<p>용접부에 작용하는 하중을 지지하는 가장 약한 임계 단면을 <strong>유효 목단면적(Effective Throat Area, Aw)</strong>이라고 하며 다음과 같이 수학적으로 규정됩니다.</p><ul><li><strong>필렛 용접 (다리 길이 a, 용접장 L):</strong> 삼각 단면 상에서 최소 거리는 경사면의 높이가 되므로, 다리 길이에 cos(45&deg;) &asymp; 0.707을 곱한 수치가 유효 목두께가 됩니다.<br><span style="font-weight:bold; color: #0284c7;">t_throat = 0.707 &times; a &nbsp;&rarr;&nbsp; A_w = 0.707 &times; a &times; L &nbsp;[mm&sup2;]</span></li><li><strong>맞대기 용접 (판재 두께 t, 용접장 L):</strong> 일반적으로 덧살(Reinforcement)을 고려하지 않는 모재의 두께를 유효 목두께로 봅니다.<br><span style="font-weight:bold; color: #db2777;">t_throat = t &nbsp;&rarr;&nbsp; A_w = t &times; L &nbsp;[mm&sup2;]</span></li></ul>
<h3>3. AISC 기준에 따른 용접부 허용 응력 및 안전 진단</h3>
<p>미국강구조학회(AISC) 기준에 따르면, 용접부 강도 평가는 용접봉의 최소인장강도(Exx, 예: E70은 70 ksi &asymp; 482 MPa)를 기준으로 특정 안전계수를 차감한 <strong>허용 응력</strong>을 설계 수치로 삼습니다.</p><ul><li><strong>필렛 용접 허용 전단응력 (&tau;_allow):</strong> 용접봉 강도의 30%를 허용 한계로 봅니다.<br><span style="font-weight:bold;">&tau;_allow = 0.30 &times; E_xx &nbsp;[MPa]</span></li><li><strong>맞대기 용접 허용 인장응력 (&sigma;_allow):</strong> 용접봉 강도의 60%를 허용 한계로 취합니다.<br><span style="font-weight:bold;">&sigma;_allow = 0.60 &times; E_xx &nbsp;[MPa]</span></li></ul><p>용접 설계 강성이 작용하중 응력보다 작아지면(안전율 FS &lt; 1.0), 용접 루트 부위에서 미끄럼 전단파괴가 개시되어 완전 파단될 위험이 높으므로 비파괴 검사와 용접 크기 보정이 반드시 필요합니다.</p>
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