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<channel>
	<title>응력변형률 &#8211; MyEngNote</title>
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	<description></description>
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		<title>응력-변형률 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</title>
		<link>https://myengnote.com/stress-strain-relation-calculator-simulator/</link>
					<comments>https://myengnote.com/stress-strain-relation-calculator-simulator/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[동동]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2026 23:15:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[공학계산기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전율]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[응력변형률]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[인장시험]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[재료역학]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://myengnote.com/stress-strain-relation-calculator-simulator/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[재료의 단면적, 게이지 길이, 인장 하중과 재료 특성(탄성계수, 항복/인장강도)을 실시간 변동하여 응력-변형률 곡선 상의 거동 영역(탄성, 항복, 소성 변형, 네킹) 및 파단 시점과 안전율을 분석하는 시뮬레이터입니다.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: 800; color: #0c0e25; border-bottom: 2px solid #00f2fe; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f680.png" alt="🚀" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 응력-변형률 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</h2>


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/* ━━ WordPress 레이아웃 Override: 디자인 1 (2열 컴팩트 대칭 레이아웃) ━━ */
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 340px 1fr !important;
    gap: 24px !important;
    align-items: start !important;
}
/* 3열 레이아웃을 2열 레이아웃으로 변경하는 특화 스타일 */
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 24px !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
    grid-column: 2 !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel {
    grid-column: auto !important;
    order: 1 !important;
    align-self: stretch !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
}
/* 2열 통합 결과 분석 영역 레이아웃 */
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 1.1fr 1.3fr !important;
    gap: 20px !important;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    padding-top: 20px !important;
    margin-top: 10px !important;
    align-items: stretch !important;
}
/* Readout Box 스타일 */
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 1 !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    height: auto !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    justify-content: center !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
    grid-column: 2 !important;
    grid-row: 1 / span 2 !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 12px !important;
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid .result-card {
    flex: none !important;
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center !important;
    min-height: 72px !important;
    height: auto !important;
    padding: 12px 16px !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 2 !important;
}
/* 모바일/반응형 (800px 이하) ── 항상 세로형(1열) 정렬 및 시뮬레이터 캔버스 최상단 배치 */
@media (max-width: 800px) {
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
        order: 2 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
        order: 1 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .canvas-section {
        order: -1 !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
        height: auto !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
    .stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .app-container,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .main-container {
    max-width: 100% !important;
    padding: 12px !important;
}
/* Premium Advice/Formula Card & Typography Overrides */
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card {
    background: #ffffff !important;
    border: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    border-radius: 12px !important;
    padding: 16px !important;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card) !important;
    transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 8px !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card h4,
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card h4 {
    font-weight: 700 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-main) !important;
}
.stress-strain-calculator-wrapper #text-judgment {
    font-size: 12px !important;
    font-weight: 500 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-muted) !important;
    line-height: 1.6 !important;
    word-break: keep-all !important;
}
</style>
<div class="stress-strain-calculator-wrapper" style="position: relative; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; margin: 30px auto; border-radius: 20px;">
    <div class="app-background-glow" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 1; pointer-events: none; overflow: hidden;"></div>
    <div style="position: relative; z-index: 2; width: 100%;">
    <div class="app-container">
        <!-- Header -->
        <header class="app-header">
            <div class="logo-area">
                <div class="logo-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-chart-line"></i></div>
                <div>
                    <h1>STRESS &#038; STRAIN</h1>
                    <div class="subtitle">인장 시험기 &#038; 실시간 응력-변형률 시뮬레이터</div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="header-badge">
                <div class="pulse-dot"></div>
                <div class="badge-text">TENSILE ENGINE ACTIVE</div>
            </div>
        </header>
        <!-- Main Layout Grid -->
        <main class="app-main-grid">
            <!-- Left Panel: Controls -->
            <section class="panel control-panel">
                <div class="panel-header">
                    <i class="fa-solid fa-sliders text-cyan"></i>
                    <h2>시뮬레이션 제어 변수</h2>
                </div>
                <!-- Load P -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-weight-hanging text-magenta"></i> 인장 하중 (P)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">인장력 (0.0 ~ 500.0 kN)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-p" class="custom-number-input" min="0" max="500" step="1" value="80">
                        <div class="unit-badge">kN</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-p" class="custom-slider" min="0" max="500" step="1" value="80">
                </div>
                <!-- Diameter d0 -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-dot text-cyan"></i> 시편 초기 지름 (d₀)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">단면 지름 (5.0 ~ 30.0 mm)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-d" class="custom-number-input" min="5" max="30" step="0.5" value="20.0">
                        <div class="unit-badge">mm</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-d" class="custom-slider" min="5" max="30" step="0.5" value="20.0">
                </div>
                <!-- Gauge Length L0 -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-ruler-vertical text-purple"></i> 초기 표점거리 (L₀)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">게이지 길이 (50 ~ 300 mm)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-l" class="custom-number-input" min="50" max="300" step="5" value="150">
                        <div class="unit-badge">mm</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-l" class="custom-slider" min="50" max="300" step="5" value="150">
                </div>
                <!-- Yield Strength Sy -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-shield-halved"></i> 항복 강도 (Sy)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">소성 한계 (100 ~ 800 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-sy" class="custom-number-input" min="100" max="800" value="250">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-sy" class="custom-slider" min="100" max="800" value="250">
                </div>
                <!-- Tensile Strength Su -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-exclamation"></i> 인장 강도 (Su)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">최대 강도 (200 ~ 1200 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-su" class="custom-number-input" min="200" max="1200" value="400">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-su" class="custom-slider" min="200" max="1200" value="400">
                </div>
                <!-- Presets -->
                <div class="presets-section">
                    <h3><i class="fa-solid fa-tags text-cyan"></i> 인장 시험 재료 프리셋</h3>
                    <div class="presets-grid">
                        <button class="preset-btn" id="preset-steel">
                            <div class="preset-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-cubes"></i></div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">일반 구조용 강재</span><span class="preset-spec">SS400</span></div>
                        </button>
                        <button class="preset-btn" id="preset-aluminum">
                            <div class="preset-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-cube"></i></div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">알루미늄 합금</span><span class="preset-spec">Al 6061-T6</span></div>
                        </button>
                        <button class="preset-btn" id="preset-copper">
                            <div class="preset-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-circle"></i></div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">연질 동재</span><span class="preset-spec">Copper</span></div>
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </section>
            <!-- Auto Injected Right Column wrapper for Design 1 -->
            <div class="right-column">
                <section class="panel simulation-panel">
                                <div class="panel-header">
                                    <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;">
                                        <i class="fa-solid fa-chart-line text-cyan"></i>
                                        <h2>실시간 인장 변형 및 응력-변형률 선도</h2>
                                    </div>
                                    <div id="txt-state" class="canvas-scale-indicator">거동 상태: 탄성 대기</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="canvas-wrapper">
                                    <canvas id="physics-canvas"></canvas>
                                    <!-- Overlay Floating Data -->
                                    <div class="canvas-overlay-data">
                                        <div class="overlay-item">
                                            <span class="label">유도 응력 (σ):</span>
                                            <span class="value text-cyan" id="txt-stress-overlay">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <!-- Mini Metrics -->
                                <div class="simulation-metrics-strip">
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">초기 면적 (A₀)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-area" class="value">0.0 mm²</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="mini-divider"></div>
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">안전율 (F.S.)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-safety-factor" class="value">0.00</div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <!-- Integrated Results Analysis Section -->
                            <div class="simulation-results-section">
                                <div class="ratio-readout-box">
                                    <div class="ratio-title">인장 상태 요약</div>
                                    <div id="txt-status-text" class="ratio-value">탄성 거동 상태</div>
                                    <div id="txt-status-desc" class="ratio-type">가해진 응력이 항복 이하입니다.</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="results-grid">
                                        <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-maximize text-cyan"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">계산된 공칭 응력 (σ)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-stress" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                        <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-right-left text-magenta"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">공칭 변형률 (ε)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-strain" class="card-value">0.0000 %</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                        <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-arrows-up-down text-purple"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">현재 게이지 변형 길이 (L)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-deformed-length" class="card-value">0.0 mm</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                        <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-shield text-success"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">지정 탄성 계수 (E)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-elastic-mod" class="card-value">200 GPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                <div class="formula-card"
                                    <h4>대표 응력 변형 공식</h4>
                                    <div class="formula-equation">σ = P / A₀</div>
                                    <div class="formula-equation">ε = ΔL / L₀ = σ / E (탄성)</div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                </section>
            </div>
            <!-- Right Panel: Quantitative Results -->
        </main>
        <!-- Disclaimer Footer -->
        <footer class="app-disclaimer" style="margin-top: 20px; padding: 12px 16px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.015); border: 1px solid var(--color-border); border-radius: 12px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--color-text-muted); line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start; clear: both;">
            <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-info" style="color: var(--color-cyan); font-size: 14px; margin-top: 2px; flex-shrink: 0;"></i>
            <span><strong>면책 조항 (Disclaimer):</strong> 본 시뮬레이터의 계산 결과는 교육 및 참고용으로만 제공되며, 실제 제품 설계나 제작 시에는 반드시 최신 공학 규격 및 공식 표준 설계 기준을 재확인하시기 바랍니다. 계산 값의 무결성을 보장하지 않으며, 이로 인해 발생하는 직접적/간접적 손해에 대해 제작자 및 본 블로그는 어떠한 책임을 지지 않습니다.</span>
        </footer>
</div>
    <!-- Physics & Animation Engine -->
    </div>
</div>
<script>
        (function() {
        let isInit = false;
        function initSimulator() {
            if (isInit) return;
            const canvas = document.getElementById('physics-canvas');
            if (!canvas) return;
            const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
            if (!ctx) return;
            isInit = true;
            window.__stress_initialized = true;
            // DOM Elements
            const sliderP = document.getElementById('slider-p');
            const inputP = document.getElementById('input-p');
            const sliderD = document.getElementById('slider-d');
            const inputD = document.getElementById('input-d');
            const sliderL = document.getElementById('slider-l');
            const inputL = document.getElementById('input-l');
            const sliderSy = document.getElementById('slider-sy');
            const inputSy = document.getElementById('input-sy');
            const sliderSu = document.getElementById('slider-su');
            const inputSu = document.getElementById('input-su');
            const btnSteel = document.getElementById('preset-steel');
            const btnAluminum = document.getElementById('preset-aluminum');
            const btnCopper = document.getElementById('preset-copper');
            const txtStressOverlay = document.getElementById('txt-stress-overlay');
            const txtArea = document.getElementById('txt-area');
            const txtSafetyFactor = document.getElementById('txt-safety-factor');
            const txtStatusText = document.getElementById('txt-status-text');
            const txtStatusDesc = document.getElementById('txt-status-desc');
            const txtStress = document.getElementById('txt-stress');
            const txtStrain = document.getElementById('txt-strain');
            const txtDeformedLength = document.getElementById('txt-deformed-length');
            const txtElasticMod = document.getElementById('txt-elastic-mod');
            const txtState = document.getElementById('txt-state');
            // State variables
            const state = {
                P: 80.0, // kN
                d: 20.0, // mm
                L0: 150.0, // mm
                Sy: 250.0, // MPa
                Su: 400.0, // MPa
                E: 200, // GPa
                time: 0,
                // Curve parameter T (0=start, 100=fracture end) — always on curve path
                curveT: 0
            };
            // Canvas Resizing
            function resizeCanvas() {
                const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
                const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
                canvas.width = rect.width * dpr;
                canvas.height = rect.height * dpr;
                ctx.scale(dpr, dpr);
            }
            resizeCanvas();
            window.addEventListener('resize', resizeCanvas);
            setTimeout(resizeCanvas, 300);
            // Synchronize control inputs
            function syncPFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderP.value);
                inputP.value = val.toFixed(0);
                state.P = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncPFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputP.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 0; }
                if (val < 0) { val = 0; }
                if (val > 500) { val = 500; }
                sliderP.value = val;
                state.P = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncDFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderD.value);
                inputD.value = val.toFixed(1);
                state.d = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncDFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputD.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 5.0; }
                if (val < 5.0) { val = 5.0; }
                if (val > 30.0) { val = 30.0; }
                sliderD.value = val;
                state.d = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncLFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderL.value);
                inputL.value = val.toFixed(0);
                state.L0 = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncLFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputL.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 50; }
                if (val < 50) { val = 50; }
                if (val > 300) { val = 300; }
                sliderL.value = val;
                state.L0 = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSyFromSlider() {
                const val = parseInt(sliderSy.value);
                inputSy.value = val;
                state.Sy = val;
                validateSu();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSyFromInput() {
                let val = parseInt(inputSy.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 100; }
                if (val < 100) { val = 100; }
                if (val > 800) { val = 800; }
                sliderSy.value = val;
                state.Sy = val;
                validateSu();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSuFromSlider() {
                const val = parseInt(sliderSu.value);
                inputSu.value = val;
                state.Su = val;
                validateSu();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSuFromInput() {
                let val = parseInt(inputSu.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 200; }
                if (val < 200) { val = 200; }
                if (val > 1200) { val = 1200; }
                sliderSu.value = val;
                state.Su = val;
                validateSu();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function validateSu() {
                if (state.Su < state.Sy + 50) {
                    state.Su = state.Sy + 50;
                    sliderSu.value = state.Su;
                    inputSu.value = state.Su;
                }
            }
            // Calculations
            function updateCalculations() {
                // Cross section area
                const A0 = (Math.PI * Math.pow(state.d, 2)) / 4; // mm^2
                txtArea.innerText = A0.toFixed(1) + ' mm²';
                // Applied stress = P / A0 (kN / mm^2 * 1000 = MPa)
                const stress = (state.P * 1000) / A0; // MPa
                txtStress.innerText = stress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtStressOverlay.innerText = stress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                // Strain mapping
                let strain = 0.0;
                let status = "elastic";
                // Safety factor
                let fs = state.Sy / stress;
                const E_MPa = state.E * 1000;
                if (stress <= state.Sy) {
                    // Elastic region
                    strain = stress / E_MPa;
                    status = "elastic";
                } else {
                    if (stress <= state.Su) {
                        // Plastic region
                        const excess = (stress - state.Sy) / (state.Su - state.Sy);
                        strain = (state.Sy / E_MPa) + 0.15 * Math.pow(excess, 1.5);
                        status = "plastic";
                    } else {
                        // Fractured!
                        strain = 0.25;
                        status = "fractured";
                        fs = 0.0;
                    }
                }
                txtStrain.innerText = (strain * 100).toFixed(4) + ' %';
                const deformedL = state.L0 * (1 + strain);
                txtDeformedLength.innerText = deformedL.toFixed(2) + ' mm';
                txtElasticMod.innerText = state.E + ' GPa';
                if (status === 'elastic') {
                    txtStatusText.innerText = "탄성 거동 상태";
                    txtStatusText.style.color = "var(--color-success)";
                    txtStatusDesc.innerText = "가해진 하중이 재료의 탄성 한계 이내에 들어와 있습니다.";
                    txtState.innerText = "거동 상태: 선형 탄성";
                    txtSafetyFactor.innerText = fs.toFixed(2);
                } else {
                    if (status === 'plastic') {
                        txtStatusText.innerText = "영구 소성 변형";
                        txtStatusText.style.color = "var(--color-purple)";
                        txtStatusDesc.innerText = "항복 강도를 초과하여 영구적인 형상 변화가 유도됩니다.";
                        txtState.innerText = "거동 상태: 소성 유동 및 네킹";
                        txtSafetyFactor.innerText = fs.toFixed(2);
                    } else {
                        txtStatusText.innerText = "시편 강제 파단";
                        txtStatusText.style.color = "var(--color-magenta)";
                        txtStatusDesc.innerText = "재료의 인장 강도를 초과하여 시편이 두 조각으로 끊어졌습니다.";
                        txtState.innerText = "거동 상태: 시편 파단 (Fracture)";
                        txtSafetyFactor.innerText = "0.00 (파괴)";
                    }
                }
            }
            // Presets
            btnSteel.addEventListener('click', function() {
                state.E = 200;
                state.Sy = 250;
                state.Su = 400;
                sliderSy.value = 250;
                inputSy.value = 250;
                sliderSu.value = 400;
                inputSu.value = 400;
                updateCalculations();
            });
            btnAluminum.addEventListener('click', function() {
                state.E = 70;
                state.Sy = 150;
                state.Su = 240;
                sliderSy.value = 150;
                inputSy.value = 150;
                sliderSu.value = 240;
                inputSu.value = 240;
                updateCalculations();
            });
            btnCopper.addEventListener('click', function() {
                state.E = 110;
                state.Sy = 70;
                state.Su = 200;
                sliderSy.value = 70;
                inputSy.value = 70;
                sliderSu.value = 200;
                inputSu.value = 200;
                updateCalculations();
            });
            // Event bindings
            sliderP.addEventListener('input', syncPFromSlider);
            inputP.addEventListener('change', syncPFromInput);
            sliderD.addEventListener('input', syncDFromSlider);
            inputD.addEventListener('change', syncDFromInput);
            sliderL.addEventListener('input', syncLFromSlider);
            inputL.addEventListener('change', syncLFromInput);
            sliderSy.addEventListener('input', syncSyFromSlider);
            inputSy.addEventListener('change', syncSyFromInput);
            sliderSu.addEventListener('input', syncSuFromSlider);
            inputSu.addEventListener('change', syncSuFromInput);
            // Animation Loop
            function animate() {
                requestAnimationFrame(animate);
                state.time += 0.05;
                const width = canvas.width / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                const height = canvas.height / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
                // 1. Draw snow white blueprint grid
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.05)';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                for (let x = 0; x < width; x += 30) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(x, 0);
                    ctx.lineTo(x, height);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                for (let y = 0; y < height; y += 30) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(0, y);
                    ctx.lineTo(width, y);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Split Canvas Layout:
                // Left half (width * 0.45): 2D Specimen tensile tester
                // Right half (width * 0.55): Stress-Strain plot
                const testerWidth = width * 0.40;
                const plotWidth = width * 0.55;
                const splitX = testerWidth;
                // --- 2D SPECIMEN TENSILE TESTER RENDERING ---
                ctx.save();
                // Draw title
                ctx.font = '700 11px Outfit, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.fillText('인장 시험편 실시간 2D 모사', 20, 25);
                const cX = testerWidth / 2;
                const gripWidth = 50;
                const gripHeight = 24;
                const A0 = (Math.PI * Math.pow(state.d, 2)) / 4;
                const stress = (state.P * 1000) / A0;
                let strain = 0.0;
                let isFractured = false;
                const E_MPa = state.E * 1000;
                if (stress <= state.Sy) {
                    strain = stress / E_MPa;
                } else {
                    if (stress <= state.Su) {
                        const excess = (stress - state.Sy) / (state.Su - state.Sy);
                        strain = (state.Sy / E_MPa) + 0.15 * Math.pow(excess, 1.5);
                    } else {
                        strain = 0.25;
                        isFractured = true;
                    }
                }
                // Gauge length screen scale
                const L_base = 120;
                const screenL = L_base * (1 + strain);
                const barTopY = height / 2 - screenL / 2;
                const barBottomY = height / 2 + screenL / 2;
                // Specimen necking factor
                let neckFactor = 1.0;
                if (stress > state.Sy) {
                    // Start thinning
                    const pFrac = Math.min((stress - state.Sy) / (state.Su - state.Sy), 1.0);
                    if (!isNaN(pFrac)) {
                        neckFactor = 1.0 - 0.4 * pFrac;
                    }
                }
                if (isFractured) {
                    neckFactor = 0.2;
                }
                // Draw Grips
                ctx.fillStyle = '#64748b';
                ctx.strokeStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.lineWidth = 2;
                // Top Grip
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.rect(cX - gripWidth/2, barTopY - gripHeight, gripWidth, gripHeight);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.stroke();
                // Bottom Grip
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.rect(cX - gripWidth/2, barBottomY, gripWidth, gripHeight);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.stroke();
                // Draw Specimen bar with possible necking
                ctx.fillStyle = '#cbd5e1';
                ctx.strokeStyle = '#1e293b';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
                const baseR = state.d * 0.7; // screen width scaled
                if (isFractured) {
                    // Fractured specimen - split into two pieces
                    const fractureGap = 15;
                    const midY = height / 2;
                    // Top piece
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - baseR, barTopY);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + baseR, barTopY);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + baseR, midY - fractureGap/2 - 10);
                    ctx.quadraticCurveTo(cX + baseR*0.5, midY - fractureGap/2 - 6, cX + baseR*0.2, midY - fractureGap/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - baseR*0.2, midY - fractureGap/2);
                    ctx.quadraticCurveTo(cX - baseR*0.5, midY - fractureGap/2 - 6, cX - baseR, midY - fractureGap/2 - 10);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Bottom piece
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - baseR, barBottomY);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + baseR, barBottomY);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + baseR, midY + fractureGap/2 + 10);
                    ctx.quadraticCurveTo(cX + baseR*0.5, midY + fractureGap/2 + 6, cX + baseR*0.2, midY + fractureGap/2);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - baseR*0.2, midY + fractureGap/2);
                    ctx.quadraticCurveTo(cX - baseR*0.5, midY + fractureGap/2 + 6, cX - baseR, midY + fractureGap/2 + 10);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // FRACTURED Tag
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.font = '800 13px Outfit, sans-serif';
                    ctx.textAlign = 'center';
                    ctx.fillText('파단됨 (FRACTURED)', cX, midY + 4);
                } else {
                    // Continuous bar
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX - baseR, barTopY);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + baseR, barTopY);
                    // Bezier points to model necking in the middle
                    const midY = height / 2;
                    ctx.bezierCurveTo(
                        cX + baseR, midY - screenL*0.2, 
                        cX + baseR * neckFactor, midY - screenL*0.1, 
                        cX + baseR * neckFactor, midY
                    );
                    ctx.bezierCurveTo(
                        cX + baseR * neckFactor, midY + screenL*0.1, 
                        cX + baseR, midY + screenL*0.2, 
                        cX + baseR, barBottomY
                    );
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - baseR, barBottomY);
                    ctx.bezierCurveTo(
                        cX - baseR, midY + screenL*0.2, 
                        cX - baseR * neckFactor, midY + screenL*0.1, 
                        cX - baseR * neckFactor, midY
                    );
                    ctx.bezierCurveTo(
                        cX - baseR * neckFactor, midY - screenL*0.1, 
                        cX - baseR, midY - screenL*0.2, 
                        cX - baseR, barTopY
                    );
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Draw tension arrow on bottom grip
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.lineWidth = 3;
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX, barBottomY + gripHeight);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX, barBottomY + gripHeight + 25);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(cX, barBottomY + gripHeight + 30);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX - 6, barBottomY + gripHeight + 22);
                    ctx.lineTo(cX + 6, barBottomY + gripHeight + 22);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Tension tag
                    ctx.font = '700 11px Outfit, sans-serif';
                    ctx.fillText('P = ' + state.P.toFixed(0) + ' kN', cX, barBottomY + gripHeight + 42);
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // --- STRESS-STRAIN PLOT RENDERING ---
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(splitX + 40, 40);
                const pW = plotWidth - 80;
                const pH = height - 100;
                // Draw Axes
                ctx.strokeStyle = '#1e293b';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
                ctx.lineTo(0, pH);
                ctx.lineTo(pW, pH);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Axis labels
                ctx.font = '500 10px Inter, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.textAlign = 'right';
                ctx.fillText('변형률 ε (%)', pW, pH + 20);
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(-25, 0);
                ctx.rotate(-Math.PI / 2);
                ctx.textAlign = 'center';
                ctx.fillText('응력 σ (MPa)', -pH/2, 0);
                ctx.restore();
                // Stress-Strain Curve geometry mapping
                // E in GPa -> E_MPa = E * 1000
                // Max strain on graph: 25% (0.25)
                // Max stress on graph: Su * 1.3
                const maxGraphStrain = 0.25;
                const maxGraphStress = state.Su * 1.25;
                function getScreenCoords(eps, str) {
                    const sx = (eps / maxGraphStrain) * pW;
                    const sy = pH - (str / maxGraphStress) * pH;
                    return { x: sx, y: sy };
                }
                // Trace the stress strain curve
                ctx.beginPath();
                let isFirst = true;
                // We plot 100 points
                for (let eStep = 0; eStep <= 100; eStep++) {
                    const currEps = (eStep / 100) * 0.25;
                    let currStress = 0.0;
                    const epsY = state.Sy / E_MPa;
                    const epsU = 0.12;
                    const epsF = 0.22;
                    if (currEps <= epsY) {
                        currStress = E_MPa * currEps;
                    } else {
                        if (currEps <= epsF) {
                            const pFrac = (currEps - epsY) / (epsF - epsY);
                            currStress = state.Sy + (state.Su - state.Sy) * Math.sin(pFrac * Math.PI * 0.7);
                        } else {
                            // Necking/Fractured downward path
                            const fFrac = (currEps - epsF) / (0.25 - epsF);
                            currStress = (state.Sy + (state.Su - state.Sy) * Math.sin(Math.PI * 0.7)) * (1.0 - fFrac);
                        }
                    }
                    const pt = getScreenCoords(currEps, currStress);
                    if (isFirst) {
                        ctx.moveTo(pt.x, pt.y);
                        isFirst = false;
                    } else {
                        ctx.lineTo(pt.x, pt.y);
                    }
                }
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.2)';
                ctx.lineWidth = 3;
                ctx.stroke();
                // Plot the Yield Strength and Ultimate Tensile Strength marker lines
                const ptSy = getScreenCoords(state.Sy / E_MPa, state.Sy);
                const ptSu = getScreenCoords(0.11, state.Su); // approximate peak
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.15)';
                ctx.setLineDash([3, 3]);
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, ptSy.y);
                ctx.lineTo(pW, ptSy.y);
                ctx.stroke();
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(219, 39, 119, 0.15)';
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, ptSu.y);
                ctx.lineTo(pW, ptSu.y);
                ctx.stroke();
                ctx.setLineDash([]);
                // Add text markers
                ctx.textAlign = 'left';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
                ctx.font = '500 9px Outfit, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillText('Sy = ' + state.Sy.toFixed(0) + ' MPa', 5, ptSy.y - 4);
                ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                ctx.fillText('Su = ' + state.Su.toFixed(0) + ' MPa', 5, ptSu.y - 4);
                // T-parameter dot: curveT (0–100) = position along the drawn curve
                // Dot always lies on the curve by evaluating same formula as curve drawing
                const epsY_c = state.Sy / E_MPa;
                const epsF_c = 0.22;
                // Compute target T from current stress region
                let targetT;
                if (isFractured) {
                    // Fractured → slide to the very end of the curve
                    targetT = 100;
                } else if (stress <= state.Sy) {
                    // Elastic: ε = σ/E → T = (ε/0.25)*100
                    targetT = (stress / E_MPa / 0.25) * 100;
                } else {
                    // Plastic ascending: invert sin formula to get ε, then T
                    const ratio = Math.min((stress - state.Sy) / (state.Su - state.Sy), 1.0);
                    const pFrac = Math.asin(ratio) / (Math.PI * 0.7);
                    const epsTarget = epsY_c + pFrac * (epsF_c - epsY_c);
                    targetT = (epsTarget / 0.25) * 100;
                }
                // Lerp curveT toward targetT (smooth glide)
                state.curveT += (targetT - state.curveT) * 0.16;
                // Evaluate curve formula at current curveT to get exact on-curve position
                const dotEps = (state.curveT / 100) * 0.25;
                let dotSigma = 0;
                if (dotEps <= epsY_c) {
                    dotSigma = E_MPa * dotEps;
                } else if (dotEps <= epsF_c) {
                    const pf = (dotEps - epsY_c) / (epsF_c - epsY_c);
                    dotSigma = state.Sy + (state.Su - state.Sy) * Math.sin(pf * Math.PI * 0.7);
                } else {
                    const ff = (dotEps - epsF_c) / (0.25 - epsF_c);
                    dotSigma = (state.Sy + (state.Su - state.Sy) * Math.sin(Math.PI * 0.7)) * (1 - ff);
                }
                const currentPt = getScreenCoords(dotEps, dotSigma);
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(currentPt.x, currentPt.y, 6 + Math.sin(state.time) * 2, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                if (isFractured) {
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';   // hot-pink = fracture
                } else if (stress > state.Sy) {
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#7c3aed';   // purple = plastic
                } else {
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';   // cyan = elastic
                }
                ctx.shadowBlur = 10;
                ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle;
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
                ctx.restore();
            }
            // Document security
            document.addEventListener('contextmenu', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                return false;
            }, { capture: true });
            document.addEventListener('selectstart', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                return false;
            }, { capture: true });
            document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
                if (e.key === 'F12') {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                    return false;
                }
                if (e.ctrlKey) {
                    if (e.key === 'u' || e.key === 'c' || e.key === 's' || e.key === 'U' || e.key === 'C' || e.key === 'S') {
                        e.preventDefault();
                        alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                        return false;
                    }
                    if (e.shiftKey) {
                        if (['i','I','j','J','c','C'].includes(e.key)) {
                            e.preventDefault();
                            alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }, { capture: true });
            // Initialize
            updateCalculations();
            animate();
        }
        let initAttempts = 0;
        function tryInit() {
            initAttempts++;
            initSimulator();
            if (!window.__stress_initialized) {
                if (initAttempts < 50) {
                    setTimeout(tryInit, 100);
                }
            }
        }
        if (document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive') {
            tryInit();
        } else {
            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryInit);
            window.addEventListener('load', tryInit);
        }
        })();
</script>


<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0,242,254,0.03), rgba(138,43,226,0.03)); border: 1px solid rgba(0,242,254,0.15); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 24px; margin: 25px auto 35px auto; font-size: 0.95em; color: #4b5563; line-height: 1.7; font-family: sans-serif;">
    <strong style="color: #1f2937; font-size: 1.05em; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
        <span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="💡" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></span> 간편 사용 설명서
    </strong>
    <ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; padding-left: 20px;">
        <li style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><strong>재료 물성 설정: 프리셋 버튼(구조용 강재, 알루미늄 합금, 황동)을 누르거나 직접 탄성계수(E), 항복강도(Sy), 인장강도(Su)를 세밀하게 입력합니다.</strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">시편 규격 및 하중 조절: 시편의 초기 지름(d₀)과 게이지 길이(L₀)를 설정하고 가해지는 인장 하중(P)을 조절합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">실시간 2D 인장 거동 관찰: 하중 증가에 따라 원통형 인장 시편이 늘어나는 2D 애니메이션과 임계 하중 초과 시 단면이 얇아지는 네킹(Necking) 및 파단(Fracture) 현상을 직접 관찰합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">응력-변형률 곡선 상의 작동 지점 모니터링: 우측의 응력-변형률 선도 그래프 상에서 현재 상태(탄성 변형, 소성 유동, 파단)를 가리키는 커서와 안전율 수치 분석을 통해 재료 강성을 진단합니다.</li>
    </ol>
</div>


<details class="premium-seo-accordion" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.08); border-radius: 12px; background: #fbfbfc; padding: 0; margin: 30px auto; box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.01); font-family: sans-serif;">
    <summary style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 20px 24px; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700; color: #1f2937; cursor: pointer; user-select: none; outline: none; list-style: none;">
        <span><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4da.png" alt="📚" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 상세 재료역학 이론 및 응력-변형률 선도 (Stress-Strain Diagram) 해설 확인하기</span>
        <span class="accordion-arrow" style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #9ca3af; transition: transform 0.2s ease;">▼</span>
    </summary>
    <div style="padding: 0 24px 24px 24px; border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.04); background: #ffffff; border-radius: 0 0 12px 12px; font-size: 0.98em; color: #374151; line-height: 1.8;">
        <div style="margin-top: 20px;">
            <h3>1. 응력(Stress)과 변형률(Strain)의 정의 및 공학적 성질</h3>
<p>재료역학에서 외력이 가해졌을 때 재료 내부의 저항력을 정의하는 <strong>응력(Stress, &sigma;)</strong>과 외력에 따른 변형 비율을 의미하는 <strong>변형률(Strain, &epsilon;)</strong>은 구조 설계의 가장 기본적인 척도입니다.</p><ul><li><strong>공칭 응력(Engineering Stress, &sigma;):</strong> 가해진 인장 하중 <code>P</code>를 재료의 변형 전 초기 단면적 <code>A_0</code>로 나눈 값입니다. (&sigma; = P / A_0)</li><li><strong>공칭 변형률(Engineering Strain, &epsilon;):</strong> 늘어난 길이 <code>&Delta;L</code>을 초기 게이지 길이 <code>L_0</code>로 나눈 무차원 비율입니다. (&epsilon; = &Delta;L / L_0)</li></ul><p>외력 초기에는 응력과 변형률이 선형적으로 비례하며, 이 비례 관계를 결정하는 상수를 <strong>탄성계수(Young's Modulus, E)</strong> 혹은 영률이라고 부르며, 훅의 법칙(Hooke's Law: &sigma; = E&epsilon;)으로 잘 알려져 있습니다.</p>
<h3>2. 응력-변형률 선도(Stress-Strain Diagram)의 주요 영역 분할</h3>
<p>인장 시험(Tensile Test)을 진행하며 하중을 서서히 높일 때, 금속 재료는 다음과 같은 네 가지 거동 영역을 거쳐 변형됩니다.</p><ol><li><strong>탄성 영역 (Elastic Region):</strong> 하중을 제거하면 원상태로 돌아가는 영역으로, 극한 훅의 법칙이 성립하는 비례한도와 탄성한도 이내입니다.</li><li><strong>항복 영역 (Yield Point / Plastic Flow):</strong> 미세한 응력 증가에도 변형이 급격히 증가하는 소성 변형(Plastic Deformation)의 시작 지점입니다. 0.2% 오프셋 항복강도(<code>Sy</code>)가 대표적인 안전 기준이 됩니다.</li><li><strong>소성/인장 영역 (Ultimate Tensile Strength / UTS):</strong> 재료가 견딜 수 있는 최대 응력 지점(<code>Su</code>)까지 영구 변형이 확산되는 구간입니다.</li><li><strong>네킹 및 파단 (Necking & Fracture):</strong> 최대 강도 도달 이후 시편 중앙부의 국부적 단면 수축(Necking)이 극대화되며 응력이 급감하고 최종적으로 두 조각으로 파단(Fracture)되는 현상입니다.</li></ol>
<h3>3. 구조재료 설계 규격 및 허용 응력에 기초한 허용 하중</h3>
<p>엔지니어링 구조 설계를 수행할 때는 기계적 파단을 방지하기 위해 사용 재료의 항복강도(<code>Sy</code>)를 설계 기준 강도로 취하고, 여기에 공학적 여유 배율인 <strong>안전율(Safety Factor, FS)</strong>을 적용하여 <strong>허용 응력(&sigma;_allow)</strong>을 산정합니다.</p><p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background: #e0f2fe; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 1.05em; color: #0369a1;">&sigma;_allow = Sy / FS &nbsp;&rarr;&nbsp; P_allow = &sigma;_allow &times; A₀ &nbsp;[N]</p><p>강재의 경우 통상적으로 정하중 하에서 1.5 ~ 2.0 수준의 안전율을 설계에 채택하며, 진동이나 반복 하중이 작용하는 동적 환경하에서는 3.0 ~ 5.0 이상의 보수적인 가이드라인을 부여하여 취성 파괴를 미연에 방지합니다.</p>
        </div>
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</details>
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