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<channel>
	<title>파괴이론 &#8211; MyEngNote</title>
	<atom:link href="https://myengnote.com/tag/%ed%8c%8c%ea%b4%b4%ec%9d%b4%eb%a1%a0/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 04:42:40 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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	<item>
		<title>안전계수 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</title>
		<link>https://myengnote.com/safety-factor-failure-theories-calculator/</link>
					<comments>https://myengnote.com/safety-factor-failure-theories-calculator/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[동동]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 23:51:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[공학계산기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[본미세스]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전율]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[재료역학]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[주응력]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[파괴이론]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://myengnote.com/safety-factor-failure-theories-calculator/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[항복강도, 인장/압축강도 및 2차원 응력 상태(σx, σy, τxy)를 실시간 조절하여 주응력 및 본 미세스 등가응력을 산출하고, 연성(Von Mises 타원) 및 취성(Coulomb-Mohr) 파괴 모형 엔벨로프와 안전율을 시각화 분석하는 시뮬레이터입니다.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: 800; color: #0c0e25; border-bottom: 2px solid #00f2fe; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f680.png" alt="🚀" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 안전계수 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</h2>


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/* ━━ WordPress 레이아웃 Override: 디자인 1 (2열 컴팩트 대칭 레이아웃) ━━ */
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
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    gap: 24px !important;
    align-items: start !important;
}
/* 3열 레이아웃을 2열 레이아웃으로 변경하는 특화 스타일 */
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 24px !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
    grid-column: 2 !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel {
    grid-column: auto !important;
    order: 1 !important;
    align-self: stretch !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
}
/* 2열 통합 결과 분석 영역 레이아웃 */
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 1.1fr 1.3fr !important;
    gap: 20px !important;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    padding-top: 20px !important;
    margin-top: 10px !important;
    align-items: stretch !important;
}
/* Readout Box 스타일 */
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 1 !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    height: auto !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    justify-content: center !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
    grid-column: 2 !important;
    grid-row: 1 / span 2 !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 12px !important;
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid .result-card {
    flex: none !important;
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center !important;
    min-height: 72px !important;
    height: auto !important;
    padding: 12px 16px !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 2 !important;
}
/* 모바일/반응형 (800px 이하) ── 항상 세로형(1열) 정렬 및 시뮬레이터 캔버스 최상단 배치 */
@media (max-width: 800px) {
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
        order: 2 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
        order: 1 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .canvas-section {
        order: -1 !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
        height: auto !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
    .safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .app-container,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .main-container {
    max-width: 100% !important;
    padding: 12px !important;
}
/* Premium Advice/Formula Card & Typography Overrides */
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card {
    background: #ffffff !important;
    border: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    border-radius: 12px !important;
    padding: 16px !important;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card) !important;
    transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 8px !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card h4,
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card h4 {
    font-weight: 700 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-main) !important;
}
.safety-factor-calculator-wrapper #text-judgment {
    font-size: 12px !important;
    font-weight: 500 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-muted) !important;
    line-height: 1.6 !important;
    word-break: keep-all !important;
}
</style>
<div class="safety-factor-calculator-wrapper" style="position: relative; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; margin: 30px auto; border-radius: 20px;">
    <div class="app-background-glow" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 1; pointer-events: none; overflow: hidden;"></div>
    <div style="position: relative; z-index: 2; width: 100%;">
    <div class="app-container">
        <!-- Header -->
        <header class="app-header">
            <div class="logo-area">
                <div class="logo-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-shield-halved"></i></div>
                <div>
                    <h1>SAFETY FACTOR</h1>
                    <div class="subtitle">다축 파괴이론 &#038; 실시간 안전율 계산 시뮬레이터</div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="header-badge">
                <div class="pulse-dot"></div>
                <div class="badge-text">FAILURE MODEL ENGINE ACTIVE</div>
            </div>
        </header>
        <!-- Main Layout Grid -->
        <main class="app-main-grid">
            <!-- Left Panel: Controls -->
            <section class="panel control-panel">
                <div class="panel-header">
                    <i class="fa-solid fa-sliders text-cyan"></i>
                    <h2>시뮬레이션 제어 변수</h2>
                </div>
                <!-- Tab Select -->
                <div class="tab-group">
                    <button id="tab-ductile" class="tab-btn active">
                        <i class="fa-solid fa-gem"></i> 연성 (von Mises)
                    </button>
                    <button id="tab-brittle" class="tab-btn">
                        <i class="fa-solid fa-dice-d6"></i> 취성 (Mohr)
                    </button>
                </div>
                <!-- Normal Stress X sigX -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-arrows-left-right text-cyan"></i> 수직 응력 (σx)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">X축 방향 (-400 ~ 400 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-sigx" class="custom-number-input" min="-400" max="400" step="10" value="120">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-sigx" class="custom-slider" min="-400" max="400" step="10" value="120">
                </div>
                <!-- Normal Stress Y sigY -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-arrows-up-down text-magenta"></i> 수직 응력 (σy)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">Y축 방향 (-400 ~ 400 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-sigy" class="custom-number-input" min="-400" max="400" step="10" value="80">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-sigy" class="custom-slider" min="-400" max="400" step="10" value="80">
                </div>
                <!-- Shear Stress XY tauXY -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-rotate-left text-purple"></i> 전단 응력 (τxy)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">면내 전단 (0 ~ 250 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-tau" class="custom-number-input" min="0" max="250" step="5" value="45">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-tau" class="custom-slider" min="0" max="250" step="5" value="45">
                </div>
                <!-- Strength Parameters depending on Tab -->
                <div class="input-group" id="strength-container-1">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-bolt"></i> 항복 강도 (Sy)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">연성 허용치 (100 ~ 600 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-sy" class="custom-number-input" min="100" max="600" value="250">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-sy" class="custom-slider" min="100" max="600" value="250">
                </div>
                <div class="input-group" id="strength-container-2" style="display:none;">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-arrow-up text-cyan"></i> 인장 강도 (Sut)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">취성 인장 (100 ~ 600 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-sut" class="custom-number-input" min="100" max="600" value="150">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-sut" class="custom-slider" min="100" max="600" value="150">
                </div>
                <div class="input-group" id="strength-container-3" style="display:none;">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-arrow-down text-magenta"></i> 압축 강도 (Suc)</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">취성 압축 (100 ~ 1200 MPa)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-suc" class="custom-number-input" min="100" max="1200" value="450">
                        <div class="unit-badge">MPa</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-suc" class="custom-slider" min="100" max="1200" value="450">
                </div>
            </section>
            <!-- Auto Injected Right Column wrapper for Design 1 -->
            <div class="right-column">
                <section class="panel simulation-panel">
                                <div class="panel-header">
                                    <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;">
                                        <i class="fa-solid fa-chart-line text-cyan"></i>
                                        <h2>실시간 2D 응력 요소 &#038; 파괴 포락선 맵</h2>
                                    </div>
                                    <div id="txt-envelope-scale" class="canvas-scale-indicator">연성: Von Mises 휨 타원</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="canvas-wrapper">
                                    <canvas id="physics-canvas"></canvas>
                                    <!-- Overlay Floating Data -->
                                    <div class="canvas-overlay-data">
                                        <div class="overlay-item">
                                            <span class="label">등가 응력 (σ_eq):</span>
                                            <span class="value text-cyan" id="txt-eq-stress-overlay">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <!-- Mini Metrics -->
                                <div class="simulation-metrics-strip">
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">제1주응력 (σ₁)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-sig1" class="value">0.0 MPa</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="mini-divider"></div>
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">제2주응력 (σ₂)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-sig2" class="value">0.0 MPa</div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            <div class="simulation-results-section">
                                <div class="ratio-readout-box">
                                    <div class="ratio-title">계측 안전율 (F.S.)</div>
                                    <div id="txt-safety-factor" class="ratio-value">2.45</div>
                                    <div id="txt-safety-desc" class="ratio-type">구조적 파괴 위험 안전 영역</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="results-grid">
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-cube text-cyan"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit" id="txt-eq-title">본 미세스 등가응력 (σv)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-eq-stress" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-rotate-left text-magenta"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">최대 전단응력 (τmax)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-taumax" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-notch text-purple"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">평균 응력 (σ_avg)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-avg-stress" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-nodes text-success"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">모르원 반지름 (R)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-mohr-r" class="card-value">0.0 MPa</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="formula-card">
                                    <h4>선택한 기계 파괴식</h4>
                                    <div class="formula-equation" id="formula-txt-1">σv = √(σx²-σxσy+σy²+3τxy²)</div>
                                    <div class="formula-equation" id="formula-txt-2">F.S. = Sy / σv</div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                </section>
            </div>
        </main>
        <!-- Disclaimer Footer -->
        <footer class="app-disclaimer" style="margin-top: 20px; padding: 12px 16px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.015); border: 1px solid var(--color-border); border-radius: 12px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--color-text-muted); line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start; clear: both;">
            <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-info" style="color: var(--color-cyan); font-size: 14px; margin-top: 2px; flex-shrink: 0;"></i>
            <span><strong>면책 조항 (Disclaimer):</strong> 본 시뮬레이터의 계산 결과는 교육 및 참고용으로만 제공되며, 실제 제품 설계나 제작 시에는 반드시 최신 공학 규격 및 공식 표준 설계 기준을 재확인하시기 바랍니다. 계산 값의 무결성을 보장하지 않으며, 이로 인해 발생하는 직접적/간접적 손해에 대해 제작자 및 본 블로그는 어떠한 책임을 지지 않습니다.</span>
        </footer>
</div>
    <!-- Physics & Animation Engine -->
    </div>
</div>
<script>
        (function() {
        let isInit = false;
        function initSimulator() {
            if (isInit) return;
            const canvas = document.getElementById('physics-canvas');
            if (!canvas) return;
            const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
            if (!ctx) return;
            isInit = true;
            window.__safety_initialized = true;
            // DOM Elements
            const tabDuctile = document.getElementById('tab-ductile');
            const tabBrittle = document.getElementById('tab-brittle');
            const sliderSigX = document.getElementById('slider-sigx');
            const inputSigX = document.getElementById('input-sigx');
            const sliderSigY = document.getElementById('slider-sigy');
            const inputSigY = document.getElementById('input-sigy');
            const sliderTau = document.getElementById('slider-tau');
            const inputTau = document.getElementById('input-tau');
            const strength1 = document.getElementById('strength-container-1');
            const strength2 = document.getElementById('strength-container-2');
            const strength3 = document.getElementById('strength-container-3');
            const sliderSy = document.getElementById('slider-sy');
            const inputSy = document.getElementById('input-sy');
            const sliderSut = document.getElementById('slider-sut');
            const inputSut = document.getElementById('input-sut');
            const sliderSuc = document.getElementById('slider-suc');
            const inputSuc = document.getElementById('input-suc');
            const txtEnvelopeScale = document.getElementById('txt-envelope-scale');
            const txtEqStressOverlay = document.getElementById('txt-eq-stress-overlay');
            const txtSig1 = document.getElementById('txt-sig1');
            const txtSig2 = document.getElementById('txt-sig2');
            const txtSafetyFactor = document.getElementById('txt-safety-factor');
            const txtSafetyDesc = document.getElementById('txt-safety-desc');
            const txtEqTitle = document.getElementById('txt-eq-title');
            const txtEqStress = document.getElementById('txt-eq-stress');
            const txtTauMax = document.getElementById('txt-taumax');
            const txtAvgStress = document.getElementById('txt-avg-stress');
            const txtMohrR = document.getElementById('txt-mohr-r');
            const formulaTxt1 = document.getElementById('formula-txt-1');
            const formulaTxt2 = document.getElementById('formula-txt-2');
            // State variables
            const state = {
                type: 'ductile', // ductile or brittle
                sigX: 120.0,
                sigY: 80.0,
                tauXY: 45.0,
                Sy: 250.0,
                Sut: 150.0,
                Suc: 450.0,
                time: 0
            };
            // Canvas Resizing
            function resizeCanvas() {
                const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
                const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
                canvas.width = rect.width * dpr;
                canvas.height = rect.height * dpr;
                ctx.scale(dpr, dpr);
            }
            resizeCanvas();
            window.addEventListener('resize', resizeCanvas);
            setTimeout(resizeCanvas, 300);
            // Synchronize control inputs
            function syncSigXFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderSigX.value);
                inputSigX.value = val.toFixed(0);
                state.sigX = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSigXFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputSigX.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = -400; }
                if (val < -400) { val = -400; }
                if (val > 400) { val = 400; }
                sliderSigX.value = val;
                state.sigX = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSigYFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderSigY.value);
                inputSigY.value = val.toFixed(0);
                state.sigY = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSigYFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputSigY.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = -400; }
                if (val < -400) { val = -400; }
                if (val > 400) { val = 400; }
                sliderSigY.value = val;
                state.sigY = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncTauFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderTau.value);
                inputTau.value = val.toFixed(0);
                state.tauXY = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncTauFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputTau.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 0; }
                if (val < 0) { val = 0; }
                if (val > 250) { val = 250; }
                sliderTau.value = val;
                state.tauXY = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSyFromSlider() {
                const val = parseInt(sliderSy.value);
                inputSy.value = val;
                state.Sy = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSyFromInput() {
                let val = parseInt(inputSy.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 100; }
                if (val < 100) { val = 100; }
                if (val > 600) { val = 600; }
                sliderSy.value = val;
                state.Sy = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSutFromSlider() {
                const val = parseInt(sliderSut.value);
                inputSut.value = val;
                state.Sut = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSutFromInput() {
                let val = parseInt(inputSut.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 100; }
                if (val < 100) { val = 100; }
                if (val > 600) { val = 600; }
                sliderSut.value = val;
                state.Sut = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            // Compressive strength
            function syncSucFromSlider() {
                const val = parseInt(sliderSuc.value);
                inputSuc.value = val;
                state.Suc = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncSucFromInput() {
                let val = parseInt(inputSuc.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 100; }
                if (val < 100) { val = 100; }
                if (val > 1200) { val = 1200; }
                sliderSuc.value = val;
                state.Suc = val;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            // Calculations
            function updateCalculations() {
                const sX = state.sigX;
                const sY = state.sigY;
                const tXY = state.tauXY;
                // 1. Mohr Circle: Center & Radius
                const center = (sX + sY) / 2;
                const R = Math.sqrt(Math.pow((sX - sY) / 2, 2) + Math.pow(tXY, 2));
                // Principal stresses
                const sig1 = center + R;
                const sig2 = center - R;
                const tauMax = R;
                txtSig1.innerText = sig1.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtSig2.innerText = sig2.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtAvgStress.innerText = center.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtMohrR.innerText = R.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                txtTauMax.innerText = tauMax.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                let fs = 1.0;
                let eqStress = 0.0;
                if (state.type === 'ductile') {
                    // von Mises Stress
                    eqStress = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(sX, 2) - sX * sY + Math.pow(sY, 2) + 3 * Math.pow(tXY, 2));
                    fs = state.Sy / eqStress;
                    txtEqTitle.innerText = '본 미세스 등가응력 (σv)';
                    txtEqStress.innerText = eqStress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                    txtEqStressOverlay.innerText = eqStress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                    formulaTxt1.innerText = 'σv = √(σx²-σxσy+σy²+3τxy²)';
                    formulaTxt2.innerText = 'F.S. = Sy / σv';
                } else {
                    // Coulomb-Mohr Theory for Brittle
                    // 1/FS = sig1/Sut - sig2/Suc (where sig1 >= 0 and sig2 < 0)
                    // If both >= 0: FS = Sut / sig1
                    // If both < 0: FS = Suc / |sig2|
                    if (sig1 >= 0) {
                        if (sig2 < 0) {
                            const term1 = sig1 / state.Sut;
                            const term2 = sig2 / state.Suc;
                            fs = 1.0 / (term1 - term2);
                        }
                    }
                    if (sig1 >= 0) {
                        if (sig2 >= 0) {
                            if (sig1 > 0) {
                                fs = state.Sut / sig1;
                            } else {
                                fs = 99.0;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (sig1 < 0) {
                        if (sig2 < 0) {
                            if (sig2 !== 0) {
                                fs = state.Suc / Math.abs(sig2);
                            } else {
                                fs = 99.0;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    eqStress = Math.max(Math.abs(sig1), Math.abs(sig2)); // simplified display
                    txtEqTitle.innerText = '최대 주응력 절댓값';
                    txtEqStress.innerText = eqStress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                    txtEqStressOverlay.innerText = eqStress.toFixed(1) + ' MPa';
                    formulaTxt1.innerText = '1/FS = σ₁/Sut - σ₂/Suc (인장/압축 혼합)';
                    formulaTxt2.innerText = 'FS = Sut/σ₁ or Suc/|σ₂| (동부호)';
                }
                if (isNaN(fs)) { fs = 0.0; }
                if (fs < 0) { fs = 0.0; }
                state.fs = fs;
                if (fs > 99) {
                    txtSafetyFactor.innerText = '무한대';
                } else {
                    txtSafetyFactor.innerText = fs.toFixed(2);
                }
                if (fs >= 1.0) {
                    txtSafetyDesc.innerText = '재료 파괴 한계 내 (안전 상태)';
                    txtSafetyDesc.style.color = '#10b981';
                } else {
                    txtSafetyDesc.innerText = '허용 파괴 한계 초과 (재설계 요망)';
                    txtSafetyDesc.style.color = '#db2777';
                }
            }
            // Tab selection
            tabDuctile.addEventListener('click', function() {
                tabDuctile.classList.add('active');
                tabBrittle.classList.remove('active');
                state.type = 'ductile';
                strength1.style.display = 'flex';
                strength2.style.display = 'none';
                strength3.style.display = 'none';
                txtEnvelopeScale.innerText = '연성: von Mises 휨 타원';
                updateCalculations();
            });
            tabBrittle.addEventListener('click', function() {
                tabBrittle.classList.add('active');
                tabDuctile.classList.remove('active');
                state.type = 'brittle';
                strength1.style.display = 'none';
                strength2.style.display = 'flex';
                strength3.style.display = 'flex';
                txtEnvelopeScale.innerText = '취성: Mohr-Coulomb 비대칭';
                updateCalculations();
            });
            // Event bindings
            sliderSigX.addEventListener('input', syncSigXFromSlider);
            inputSigX.addEventListener('change', syncSigXFromInput);
            sliderSigY.addEventListener('input', syncSigYFromSlider);
            inputSigY.addEventListener('change', syncSigYFromInput);
            sliderTau.addEventListener('input', syncTauFromSlider);
            inputTau.addEventListener('change', syncTauFromInput);
            sliderSy.addEventListener('input', syncSyFromSlider);
            inputSy.addEventListener('change', syncSyFromInput);
            sliderSut.addEventListener('input', syncSutFromSlider);
            inputSut.addEventListener('change', syncSutFromInput);
            sliderSuc.addEventListener('input', syncSucFromSlider);
            inputSuc.addEventListener('change', syncSucFromInput);
            // Animation Loop
            function animate() {
                requestAnimationFrame(animate);
                state.time += 0.05;
                const width = canvas.width / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                const height = canvas.height / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
                // Draw snow white blueprint grid
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.05)';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                for (let x = 0; x < width; x += 30) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(x, 0);
                    ctx.lineTo(x, height);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                for (let y = 0; y < height; y += 30) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(0, y);
                    ctx.lineTo(width, y);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Split layout: Left = 2D Stress Element (width*0.42), Right = Stress Envelope Plot (width*0.58)
                const splitX = width * 0.42;
                // --- 2D STRESS ELEMENT DRAWING ---
                ctx.save();
                ctx.font = '700 11px Outfit, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.fillText('평면 응력 요소 상태 (σx, σy, τxy)', 20, 25);
                const elCX = splitX / 2;
                const elCY = height / 2;
                const elSize = 65; // size of the square
                // Draw the square element
                ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(241, 245, 249, 0.85)';
                ctx.strokeStyle = '#1e293b';
                ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.rect(elCX - elSize/2, elCY - elSize/2, elSize, elSize);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.stroke();
                // Draw Stress Arrows (σx, σy, τxy)
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.8;
                // 1. sigX arrows (Horizontal)
                if (state.sigX !== 0) {
                    const absVal = Math.abs(state.sigX);
                    const isTensile = state.sigX > 0;
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
                    // Left arrow
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    if (isTensile) {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX - elSize/2, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 25, elCY);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 25, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 18, elCY - 4);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 18, elCY + 4);
                        ctx.fill();
                    } else {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 25, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2, elCY);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX - elSize/2, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 7, elCY - 4);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - 7, elCY + 4);
                        ctx.fill();
                    }
                    // Right arrow
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    if (isTensile) {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX + elSize/2, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 25, elCY);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 25, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 18, elCY - 4);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 18, elCY + 4);
                        ctx.fill();
                    } else {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 25, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2, elCY);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX + elSize/2, elCY);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 7, elCY - 4);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + 7, elCY + 4);
                        ctx.fill();
                    }
                }
                // 2. sigY arrows (Vertical)
                if (state.sigY !== 0) {
                    const absVal = Math.abs(state.sigY);
                    const isTensile = state.sigY > 0;
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    // Top arrow
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    if (isTensile) {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY - elSize/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX, elCY - elSize/2 - 25);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY - elSize/2 - 25);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - 4, elCY - elSize/2 - 18);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + 4, elCY - elSize/2 - 18);
                        ctx.fill();
                    } else {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY - elSize/2 - 25);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX, elCY - elSize/2);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY - elSize/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - 4, elCY - elSize/2 - 7);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + 4, elCY - elSize/2 - 7);
                        ctx.fill();
                    }
                    // Bottom arrow
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    if (isTensile) {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY + elSize/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX, elCY + elSize/2 + 25);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY + elSize/2 + 25);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - 4, elCY + elSize/2 + 18);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + 4, elCY + elSize/2 + 18);
                        ctx.fill();
                    } else {
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY + elSize/2 + 25);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX, elCY + elSize/2);
                        ctx.stroke();
                        // arrowhead
                        ctx.beginPath();
                        ctx.moveTo(elCX, elCY + elSize/2);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX - 4, elCY + elSize/2 + 7);
                        ctx.lineTo(elCX + 4, elCY + elSize/2 + 7);
                        ctx.fill();
                    }
                }
                // 3. Shear Stress arrows (τxy)
                if (state.tauXY > 0) {
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#7c3aed';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#7c3aed';
                    const arrowShift = 10;
                    // Right edge (pointing up)
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(elCX + elSize/2 + arrowShift, elCY + elSize/2 - 10);
                    ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + arrowShift, elCY - elSize/2 + 10);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(elCX + elSize/2 + arrowShift, elCY - elSize/2 + 10);
                    ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + arrowShift - 4, elCY - elSize/2 + 16);
                    ctx.lineTo(elCX + elSize/2 + arrowShift + 4, elCY - elSize/2 + 16);
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Left edge (pointing down)
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(elCX - elSize/2 - arrowShift, elCY - elSize/2 + 10);
                    ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - arrowShift, elCY + elSize/2 - 10);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(elCX - elSize/2 - arrowShift, elCY + elSize/2 - 10);
                    ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - arrowShift - 4, elCY + elSize/2 - 16);
                    ctx.lineTo(elCX - elSize/2 - arrowShift + 4, elCY + elSize/2 - 16);
                    ctx.fill();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // --- FAILURE ENVELOPE PLOT ---
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(splitX + 40, 40);
                const pW = (width - splitX) - 80;
                const pH = height - 100;
                // Center coordinates of plot
                const pCX = pW / 2;
                const pCY = pH / 2;
                // Axes
                ctx.strokeStyle = '#1e293b';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.2;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, pCY);
                ctx.lineTo(pW, pCY);
                ctx.moveTo(pCX, 0);
                ctx.lineTo(pCX, pH);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Axis labels
                ctx.font = '500 10px Inter, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillStyle = '#475569';
                ctx.fillText('주응력 σ₁ (MPa)', pW - 35, pCY + 18);
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(pCX - 22, pCY);
                ctx.rotate(-Math.PI / 2);
                ctx.textAlign = 'center';
                ctx.fillText('주응력 σ₂ (MPa)', 0, 0);
                ctx.restore();
                // Geometry scaling
                // Let's set graph range: -600 to 600 MPa
                const maxVal = 600.0;
                function plotCoords(s1, s2) {
                    const sx = pCX + (s1 / maxVal) * pCX;
                    const sy = pCY - (s2 / maxVal) * pCY;
                    return { x: sx, y: sy };
                }
                // Draw background region guides (Safe vs Failure)
                ctx.save();
                ctx.font = '800 11px Inter, sans-serif';
                ctx.textAlign = 'center';
                const baseStrength = state.type === 'ductile' ? state.Sy : Math.min(state.Sut, state.Suc);
                // 1. Draw Safe Zone inside the envelope dynamically
                if (baseStrength >= 150) {
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.12)';
                    const ptSafeText = plotCoords(-baseStrength * 0.45, -baseStrength * 0.45);
                    ctx.fillText('안전 영역 (Safe Zone)', ptSafeText.x, ptSafeText.y);
                }
                // 2. Draw Failure Zone outside the envelope dynamically
                ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(219, 39, 119, 0.08)';
                const failVal = Math.min(540, Math.max(350, baseStrength * 1.35));
                const ptFailTR = plotCoords(failVal, failVal);
                const ptFailBL = plotCoords(-failVal, -failVal);
                ctx.fillText('파괴 영역 (Failure Zone)', ptFailTR.x, ptFailTR.y);
                ctx.fillText('파괴 영역 (Failure Zone)', ptFailBL.x, ptFailBL.y);
                ctx.restore();
                // Trace Failure Envelope
                ctx.save();
                ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;
                if (state.type === 'ductile') {
                    // Von Mises Ellipse: s1^2 - s1*s2 + s2^2 = Sy^2
                    // Traced in parametric angle theta
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#0284c7';
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.05)';
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    for (let th = 0; th <= 360; th += 5) {
                        const thRad = (th * Math.PI) / 180;
                        // Transform to principal coordinates of the tilted ellipse
                        const r = state.Sy / Math.sqrt(1 - Math.sin(thRad)*Math.cos(thRad));
                        const s1 = r * Math.cos(thRad);
                        const s2 = r * Math.sin(thRad);
                        const pt = plotCoords(s1, s2);
                        if (th === 0) {
                            ctx.moveTo(pt.x, pt.y);
                        } else {
                            ctx.lineTo(pt.x, pt.y);
                        }
                    }
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Boundary label
                    ctx.save();
                    ctx.font = '600 9px Inter, sans-serif';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
                    const ptLabel = plotCoords(state.Sy, state.Sy);
                    ctx.textAlign = 'left';
                    ctx.fillText('항복 임계 한계 (von Mises 타원)', ptLabel.x + 8, ptLabel.y - 4);
                    ctx.restore();
                } else {
                    // Mohr-Coulomb asymmetric envelope (polygon in sig1-sig2 space)
                    // The boundaries are defined by:
                    // Quadrant 1 (both tensile): sig1 <= Sut, sig2 <= Sut
                    // Quadrant 3 (both compressive): sig1 >= -Suc, sig2 >= -Suc
                    // Quadrant 2 & 4: sig1/Sut - sig2/Suc = 1 (and symmetric)
                    ctx.strokeStyle = '#db2777';
                    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(219, 39, 119, 0.05)';
                    const ut = state.Sut;
                    const uc = state.Suc;
                    const p1 = plotCoords(ut, 0);
                    const p2 = plotCoords(ut, ut);
                    const p3 = plotCoords(0, ut);
                    const p4 = plotCoords(-uc, 0);
                    const p5 = plotCoords(-uc, -uc);
                    const p6 = plotCoords(0, -uc);
                    // Reconstruct hexagon vertices
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    const v1 = plotCoords(ut, 0);
                    const v2 = plotCoords(ut, ut);
                    const v3 = plotCoords(0, ut);
                    const v4 = plotCoords(-uc + ut, -uc); // intersection approximation
                    const v5 = plotCoords(-uc, -uc);
                    const v6 = plotCoords(-uc, -uc + ut);
                    ctx.moveTo(v1.x, v1.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(v2.x, v2.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(v3.x, v3.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(plotCoords(0, -uc * (1 - 0/ut)).x, plotCoords(0, -uc).y); // corrected Mohr CM intersections
                    // CM standard points:
                    const ptA = plotCoords(ut, 0);
                    const ptB = plotCoords(ut, ut);
                    const ptC = plotCoords(0, ut);
                    const ptD = plotCoords(-uc, 0);
                    const ptE = plotCoords(-uc, -uc);
                    const ptF = plotCoords(0, -uc);
                    // Coulomb-Mohr hexagon is:
                    // 1. sig1 = Sut (sig2 < sig1)
                    // 2. sig1/Sut - sig2/Suc = 1
                    // 3. sig2 = -Suc
                    // etc.
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.lineTo(ptA.x, ptA.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(ptB.x, ptB.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(ptC.x, ptC.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(ptD.x, ptD.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(ptE.x, ptE.y);
                    ctx.lineTo(ptF.x, ptF.y);
                    ctx.closePath();
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Boundary label
                    ctx.save();
                    ctx.font = '600 9px Inter, sans-serif';
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                    const ptLabel = plotCoords(state.Sut, state.Sut);
                    ctx.textAlign = 'left';
                    ctx.fillText('파괴 임계 한계 (Coulomb-Mohr)', ptLabel.x + 8, ptLabel.y - 4);
                    ctx.restore();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Plot actual current stress point
                const sX = state.sigX;
                const sY = state.sigY;
                const tXY = state.tauXY;
                const center = (sX + sY) / 2;
                const R = Math.sqrt(Math.pow((sX - sY) / 2, 2) + Math.pow(tXY, 2));
                const sig1 = center + R;
                const sig2 = center - R;
                const ptCurrent = plotCoords(sig1, sig2);
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(ptCurrent.x, ptCurrent.y, 6 + Math.sin(state.time)*2, 0, Math.PI*2);
                // Color depending on safety factor
                let isInside = true;
                if (state.type === 'ductile') {
                    const vm = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(sX, 2) - sX * sY + Math.pow(sY, 2) + 3 * Math.pow(tXY, 2));
                    if (vm > state.Sy) { isInside = false; }
                } else {
                    let fs = 1.0;
                    if (sig1 >= 0) {
                        if (sig2 < 0) {
                            fs = 1.0 / (sig1/state.Sut - sig2/state.Suc);
                        }
                    }
                    if (sig1 >= 0) {
                        if (sig2 >= 0) {
                            if (sig1 > 0) {
                                fs = state.Sut / sig1;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (sig1 < 0) {
                        if (sig2 < 0) {
                            if (sig2 !== 0) {
                                fs = state.Suc / Math.abs(sig2);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (fs < 1.0) { isInside = false; }
                }
                if (isInside) {
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#10b981';
                } else {
                    ctx.fillStyle = '#db2777';
                }
                ctx.shadowBlur = 10;
                ctx.shadowColor = ctx.fillStyle;
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
                // Stress point label
                ctx.save();
                ctx.font = '700 10px Inter, sans-serif';
                ctx.fillStyle = isInside ? '#10b981' : '#db2777';
                const curFs = state.fs || 1.0;
                const labelText = `현재 응력 상태 (F.S. = ${curFs > 99 ? '∞' : curFs.toFixed(2)})`;
                if (ptCurrent.x > pCX) {
                    ctx.textAlign = 'right';
                    ctx.fillText(labelText, ptCurrent.x - 12, ptCurrent.y + 3);
                } else {
                    ctx.textAlign = 'left';
                    ctx.fillText(labelText, ptCurrent.x + 12, ptCurrent.y + 3);
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Draw dashed lines mapping current coordinate to axis
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.3)';
                ctx.setLineDash([3, 3]);
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(ptCurrent.x, ptCurrent.y);
                ctx.lineTo(ptCurrent.x, pCY);
                ctx.moveTo(ptCurrent.x, ptCurrent.y);
                ctx.lineTo(pCX, ptCurrent.y);
                ctx.stroke();
                ctx.restore();
                ctx.restore();
            }
            // Document security
            document.addEventListener('contextmenu', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                return false;
            }, { capture: true });
            document.addEventListener('selectstart', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                return false;
            }, { capture: true });
            document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
                if (e.key === 'F12') {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                    return false;
                }
                if (e.ctrlKey) {
                    if (e.key === 'u' || e.key === 'c' || e.key === 's' || e.key === 'U' || e.key === 'C' || e.key === 'S') {
                        e.preventDefault();
                        alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                        return false;
                    }
                    if (e.shiftKey) {
                        if (['i','I','j','J','c','C'].includes(e.key)) {
                            e.preventDefault();
                            alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }, { capture: true });
            // Initialize
            updateCalculations();
            animate();
        }
        let initAttempts = 0;
        function tryInit() {
            initAttempts++;
            initSimulator();
            if (!window.__safety_initialized) {
                if (initAttempts < 50) {
                    setTimeout(tryInit, 100);
                }
            }
        }
        if (document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive') {
            tryInit();
        } else {
            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryInit);
            window.addEventListener('load', tryInit);
        }
        })();
</script>


<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0,242,254,0.03), rgba(138,43,226,0.03)); border: 1px solid rgba(0,242,254,0.15); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 24px; margin: 25px auto 35px auto; font-size: 0.95em; color: #4b5563; line-height: 1.7; font-family: sans-serif;">
    <strong style="color: #1f2937; font-size: 1.05em; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
        <span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="💡" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></span> 간편 사용 설명서
    </strong>
    <ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; padding-left: 20px;">
        <li style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><strong>연성 및 취성 거동 선택: 분석하려는 재료에 맞춰 상단 탭에서 연성 재료(Ductile - Von Mises 이론) 또는 취성 재료(Brittle - Mohr-Coulomb 이론)를 지정합니다.</strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">재료 설계 항복강도 설정: 슬라이더를 이용해 재료 고유의 강성 변수인 항복 강도(Sy), 인장 극한 강도(Sut) 및 압축 극한 강도(Suc)를 설정합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">2차원 평면 응력값 조절: 슬라이더로 정상 응력 수치(σx, σy)와 전단 응력 수치(τxy)를 가변하여 응력 요소 상태를 변경합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">파괴 포락선 분포 및 안전율 진단: 우측 그래프 상에 2차원 주응력(σ₁, σ₂)의 위치가 파괴 타원/외형 포락선 내부에 상주하는지 실시간 확인하고 계측된 안전율(F.S.) 결과를 통해 단면 두께 보정 여부를 판단합니다.</li>
    </ol>
</div>


<details class="premium-seo-accordion" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.08); border-radius: 12px; background: #fbfbfc; padding: 0; margin: 30px auto; box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.01); font-family: sans-serif;">
    <summary style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 20px 24px; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700; color: #1f2937; cursor: pointer; user-select: none; outline: none; list-style: none;">
        <span><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4da.png" alt="📚" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 상세 재료 파괴 이론 및 연성/취성 재료 안전율 산정법 확인하기</span>
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            <h3>1. 재료 파괴 이론(Failure Theories)의 기본 개념 및 필요성</h3>
<p>실제 기계 부품이나 구조물은 단순 단축 인장뿐만 아니라 다양한 방향으로 동시에 힘이 작용하는 <strong>다축 응력 상태(Multiaxial Stress State)</strong>에 놓이게 됩니다. 복합 응력 하에서 재료가 파괴되거나 영구 항복을 일으키는 시점을 단일 인장시험 데이터와 연계해 예측하기 위해 고안된 것이 바로 <strong>파괴 이론(Failure Theories)</strong>입니다.</p><p>재료는 거동 특성에 따라 크게 두 가지로 분류되며 적용하는 역학 이론도 상이합니다:</p><ul><li><strong>연성 재료 (Ductile Materials):</strong> 알루미늄, 연강처럼 파단 전에 큰 소성 변형을 겪는 재료로, 주로 전단 응력에 의해 슬립이 발생하여 항복합니다.</li><li><strong>취성 재료 (Brittle Materials):</strong> 주철, 유리처럼 항복 현상 없이 급격히 깨지는 재료로, 압축 강도에 비해 인장 강도가 현격히 떨어지며 주로 최대 인장 응력에 의해 파단됩니다.</li></ul>
<h3>2. 본 미세스(von Mises) 전단변형 에너지 이론 (연성 재료용)</h3>
<p>연성 금속의 파괴(항복) 예측에 가장 신뢰도가 높아 널리 활용되는 <strong>본 미세스 전단변형 에너지 이론(Maximum Distortion Energy Theory)</strong>은 단위 부피당 변형 에너지가 단순 인장 조건에서의 한계 에너지를 도달할 때 파괴가 일어난다는 학설입니다. 2차원 평면 응력 하에서의 본 미세스 등가 응력(&sigma;_v) 식은 다음과 같습니다.</p><p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background: #f3f4f6; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px;">&sigma;_v = &radic;(&sigma;_x&sup2; - &sigma;_x&sigma;_y + &sigma;_y&sup2; + 3&tau;_xy&sup2;) &nbsp;[MPa]</p><p>이를 두 주응력 &sigma;₁, &sigma;₂ 공간으로 사영하면 장축이 45도 기울어진 <strong>타원(von Mises Ellipse)</strong>이 형성됩니다. 작용 주응력의 위치 좌표가 이 타원 내부에 존재할 경우 구조적으로 소성 항복에 대해 안전함을 의미합니다.</p>
<h3>3. 쿨롱-모르(Coulomb-Mohr) 이론 및 안전율(F.S.)의 기준</h3>
<p>취성 재료는 인장 강도(Sut)보다 압축 강도(Suc)가 훨씬 커서 타원형 대칭 포락선을 사용할 수 없습니다. 따라서 인장과 압축 응력 차이를 기하학적으로 반영한 <strong>모르-쿨롱 파괴 이론 (Coulomb-Mohr Theory)</strong>을 적용합니다.</p><p>두 주응력이 각각 인장과 압축 영역에 교차할 때(&sigma;₁ &ge; 0, &sigma;₂ &lt; 0), 파괴 임계 조건은 다음과 같이 계산됩니다.</p><p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background: #f3f4f6; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px;">1 / FS = &sigma;₁ / Sut - &sigma;₂ / Suc</p><p><strong>안전율(Factor of Safety, FS) 평가 기준:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>FS &gt; 1.0:</strong> 안전 영역 (Safe Region - 탄성 거동 보장)</li><li><strong>FS = 1.0:</strong> 임계 경계 (Critical Boundary - 파괴/항복 개시)</li><li><strong>FS &lt; 1.0:</strong> 위험 영구 파괴 (Failed Region - 단면 재설계 요구)</li></ul>
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