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<channel>
	<title>VFD계산 &#8211; MyEngNote</title>
	<atom:link href="https://myengnote.com/tag/vfd%ea%b3%84%ec%82%b0/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://myengnote.com</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 04:43:06 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>ko-KR</language>
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	<item>
		<title>인버터 슬립 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</title>
		<link>https://myengnote.com/inverter-motor-vfd-calculator-simulator/</link>
					<comments>https://myengnote.com/inverter-motor-vfd-calculator-simulator/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[동동]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 22:23:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[공학계산기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[VFD계산]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[슬립계산]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유도전동기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[인버터제어]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[회전자계]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://myengnote.com/inverter-motor-vfd-calculator-simulator/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[주파수와 모터 극수를 제어하여 유도전동기의 동기 속도, 실제 회전 속도 및 슬립(Slip)을 계산하고, V/F 패턴 곡선 및 고정자 회전자계의 속도 편차를 실시간으로 시각화하는 시뮬레이터입니다. <a href="https://myengnote.com/inverter-motor-vfd-calculator-simulator/" style="text-decoration:none; color:#0073aa; font-weight:bold;">[본문 전체보기 >]</a>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: 800; color: #0c0e25; border-bottom: 2px solid #00f2fe; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f680.png" alt="🚀" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 인버터 슬립 계산기 &#038; 시뮬레이터</h2>


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                text-align: center;
            }
            .logo-area {
                flex-direction: column;
                gap: 8px;
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        }
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                padding: 12px;
                gap: 16px;
            }
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                padding: 16px;
            }
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/* ━━ WordPress 레이아웃 Override: 디자인 1 (2열 컴팩트 대칭 레이아웃) ━━ */
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    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 340px 1fr !important;
    gap: 24px !important;
    align-items: start !important;
}
/* 3열 레이아웃을 2열 레이아웃으로 변경하는 특화 스타일 */
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 24px !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
    grid-column: 2 !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel {
    grid-column: auto !important;
    order: 1 !important;
    align-self: stretch !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
}
/* 2열 통합 결과 분석 영역 레이아웃 */
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 1.1fr 1.3fr !important;
    gap: 20px !important;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    padding-top: 20px !important;
    margin-top: 10px !important;
    align-items: stretch !important;
}
/* Readout Box 스타일 */
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .flow-readout-box,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section [class*="readout-box"],
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 1 !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    height: auto !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    justify-content: center !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
    grid-column: 2 !important;
    grid-row: 1 / span 2 !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 12px !important;
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid .result-card {
    flex: none !important;
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center !important;
    min-height: 72px !important;
    height: auto !important;
    padding: 12px 16px !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
    grid-column: 1 !important;
    grid-row: 2 !important;
}
/* 모바일/반응형 (800px 이하) ── 항상 세로형(1열) 정렬 및 시뮬레이터 캔버스 최상단 배치 */
@media (max-width: 800px) {
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .app-main-grid,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .main-grid,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .sim-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .control-panel {
        order: 2 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .right-column {
        order: 1 !important;
        width: 100% !important;
        display: flex !important;
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-panel,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .canvas-panel,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .sim-panel,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .canvas-section {
        order: -1 !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .ratio-readout-box,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .re-readout-box,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .status-readout-box,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .flow-readout-box,
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section [class*="readout-box"],
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .gauge-container {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
        height: auto !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .results-grid {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
    .invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card {
        grid-column: 1 !important;
        grid-row: auto !important;
    }
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .app-container,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .main-container {
    max-width: 100% !important;
    padding: 12px !important;
}
/* Premium Advice/Formula Card & Typography Overrides */
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card {
    background: #ffffff !important;
    border: 1px solid var(--color-border) !important;
    border-radius: 12px !important;
    padding: 16px !important;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card) !important;
    transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column !important;
    justify-content: center !important;
    gap: 8px !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .simulation-results-section .formula-card h4,
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .results-panel .formula-card h4 {
    font-size: 14px !important;
    font-weight: 700 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-main) !important;
    margin-top: 0 !important;
    margin-bottom: 4px !important;
    word-break: keep-all !important;
    line-height: 1.4 !important;
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center !important;
    gap: 8px !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper .formula-equation {
    font-family: 'Outfit', 'Cambria Math', 'Times New Roman', monospace !important;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
    overflow-x: auto !important;
    word-break: keep-all !important;
    text-align: center !important;
}
.invertermotor-calculator-wrapper #text-judgment {
    font-size: 12px !important;
    font-weight: 500 !important;
    color: var(--color-text-muted) !important;
    line-height: 1.6 !important;
    word-break: keep-all !important;
}
</style>
<div class="invertermotor-calculator-wrapper" style="position: relative; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; margin: 30px auto; border-radius: 20px;">
    <div class="app-background-glow" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 1; pointer-events: none; overflow: hidden;"></div>
    <div style="position: relative; z-index: 2; width: 100%;">
    <div class="app-container">
        <!-- Header -->
        <header class="app-header">
            <div class="logo-area">
                <div class="logo-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-arrows-spin fa-spin-slow text-cyan"></i></div>
                <div>
                    <h1>VFD INVERTER</h1>
                    <div class="subtitle">유도전동기 V/F 인버터 제어 물리 시뮬레이터</div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="header-badge">
                <div class="pulse-dot"></div>
                <div class="badge-text">2D FLUX VECTOR ENGINE ACTIVE</div>
            </div>
        </header>
        <!-- Main Layout Grid -->
        <main class="app-main-grid">
            <!-- Left Panel: Controls -->
            <section class="panel control-panel">
                <div class="panel-header">
                    <i class="fa-solid fa-sliders text-cyan"></i>
                    <h2>인버터 제어 변수</h2>
                </div>
                <!-- Motor Poles selection -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-magnet text-cyan"></i> 모터 극수 (P)</label>
                    </div>
                    <div class="segmented-control" id="control-poles">
                        <button class="segment-btn" data-value="2">2 P</button>
                        <button class="segment-btn active" data-value="4">4 P</button>
                        <button class="segment-btn" data-value="6">6 P</button>
                        <button class="segment-btn" data-value="8">8 P</button>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <!-- Operating Frequency (Hz) -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-wave-square text-cyan"></i> 출력 운전 주파수</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">(5 ~ 120 Hz)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-freq" class="custom-number-input" min="5" max="120" step="0.5" value="60">
                        <div class="unit-badge">Hz</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-freq" class="custom-slider" min="5" max="120" step="1" value="60">
                </div>
                <!-- Load Torque (Nm) -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-rotate text-magenta"></i> 부하 작용 토크</label>
                        <span class="helper-text">(0 ~ 40 Nm)</span>
                    </div>
                    <div class="number-input-wrapper">
                        <input type="number" id="input-torque" class="custom-number-input" min="0" max="40" value="15">
                        <div class="unit-badge">Nm</div>
                    </div>
                    <input type="range" id="slider-torque" class="custom-slider" min="0" max="40" step="1" value="15">
                </div>
                <!-- Base Frequency (Hz) -->
                <div class="input-group">
                    <div class="input-label-row">
                        <label><i class="fa-solid fa-gauge-high"></i> 계통 기저 주파수</label>
                    </div>
                    <div class="segmented-control two-cols" id="control-base">
                        <button class="segment-btn" data-value="50">50 Hz (유럽/일부)</button>
                        <button class="segment-btn active" data-value="60">60 Hz (한국/미국)</button>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <!-- Presets -->
                <div class="presets-section">
                    <h3><i class="fa-solid fa-tags text-cyan"></i> VFD 운전 프리셋</h3>
                    <div class="presets-grid">
                        <button class="preset-btn" data-preset="rated">
                            <div class="preset-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-play"></i></div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">표준 정격 운전</span><span class="preset-spec">60Hz, 4P, 15Nm</span></div>
                        </button>
                        <button class="preset-btn" data-preset="boost">
                            <div class="preset-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-dots"></i></div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">저속 기동 토크 부스트</span><span class="preset-spec">15Hz, 4P, 30Nm</span></div>
                        </button>
                        <button class="preset-btn" data-preset="weak">
                            <div class="preset-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-forward-fast"></i></div>
                            <div class="preset-details"><span class="preset-name">고속 약자속 제어 영역</span><span class="preset-spec">100Hz, 4P, 8Nm</span></div>
                        </button>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </section>
            <!-- Auto Injected Right Column wrapper for Design 1 -->
            <div class="right-column">
                <section class="panel simulation-panel">
                                <div class="panel-header">
                                    <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;">
                                        <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-nodes text-cyan"></i>
                                        <h2>실시간 모터 고정자계 및 회전자 동역학</h2>
                                    </div>
                                    <div id="txt-inverter-state" class="canvas-scale-indicator">안전 운전</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="canvas-wrapper">
                                    <canvas id="physics-canvas"></canvas>
                                </div>
                                <!-- Mini Metrics -->
                                <div class="simulation-metrics-strip">
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">동기 속도 (Ns, 자계)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-ns-out" class="value">0 RPM</div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="mini-divider"></div>
                                    <div class="mini-metric">
                                        <div class="label">슬립 주파수 (F_slip)</div>
                                        <div id="txt-fslip-out" class="value">0.0 Hz</div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            <div class="simulation-results-section">
                                <div class="ratio-readout-box">
                                    <div class="ratio-title">모터 로터 실제 회전수 (Nr)</div>
                                    <div id="txt-nr-out" class="ratio-value">1745 RPM</div>
                                    <div id="txt-slip-percent" class="ratio-type">(실시간 슬립율: 3.1%)</div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="results-grid">
                                    <!-- Volt out -->
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-bolt text-cyan"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">인버터 인가 출력 전압 (V_out)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-volt-out" class="card-value">220.0 V</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <!-- Power out kW -->
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-solar-panel text-magenta"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">소요 축 동력 (P_out)</span>
                                            <span id="txt-power-out" class="card-value">2.7 kW (3.6 HP)</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <!-- V/F Ratio -->
                                    <div class="result-card">
                                        <div class="card-icon"><i class="fa-solid fa-chart-line text-purple"></i></div>
                                        <div class="card-content">
                                            <span class="card-unit">V / F 비례 제어 상수</span>
                                            <span id="txt-vf-ratio" class="card-value">3.67 V/Hz</span>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="formula-card">
                                    <h4><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-info text-cyan"></i> VFD 유도기 주파수 공식</h4>
                                    <div class="formula-equation">N_s = (120 × f) / P [RPM]</div>
                                    <div class="formula-equation">N_r = N_s × (1 &#8211; s) [RPM]</div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                </section>
            </div>
        </main>
        <!-- Disclaimer Footer -->
        <footer class="app-disclaimer" style="margin-top: 20px; padding: 12px 16px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.015); border: 1px solid var(--color-border); border-radius: 12px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--color-text-muted); line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start; clear: both;">
            <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-info" style="color: var(--color-cyan); font-size: 14px; margin-top: 2px; flex-shrink: 0;"></i>
            <span><strong>면책 조항 (Disclaimer):</strong> 본 시뮬레이터의 계산 결과는 교육 및 참고용으로만 제공되며, 실제 제품 설계나 제작 시에는 반드시 최신 공학 규격 및 공식 표준 설계 기준을 재확인하시기 바랍니다. 계산 값의 무결성을 보장하지 않으며, 이로 인해 발생하는 직접적/간접적 손해에 대해 제작자 및 본 블로그는 어떠한 책임을 지지 않습니다.</span>
        </footer>
</div>
    <!-- JavaScript Circuit Simulation Engine -->
    </div>
</div>
<script>
        (function() {
        let isInit = false;
        function initSimulator() {
            if (isInit) return;
            const canvas = document.getElementById('physics-canvas');
            if (!canvas) return;
            const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
            if (!ctx) return;
            isInit = true;
            window.__inverter_initialized = true;
            // DOM Elements
            const sliderFreq = document.getElementById('slider-freq');
            const inputFreq = document.getElementById('input-freq');
            const sliderTorque = document.getElementById('slider-torque');
            const inputTorque = document.getElementById('input-torque');
            const controlPoles = document.getElementById('control-poles');
            const controlBase = document.getElementById('control-base');
            const presetButtons = document.querySelectorAll('.preset-btn');
            const txtNrOut = document.getElementById('txt-nr-out');
            const txtSlipPercent = document.getElementById('txt-slip-percent');
            const txtVoltOut = document.getElementById('txt-volt-out');
            const txtPowerOut = document.getElementById('txt-power-out');
            const txtVfRatio = document.getElementById('txt-vf-ratio');
            const txtInverterState = document.getElementById('txt-inverter-state');
            const txtNsOut = document.getElementById('txt-ns-out');
            const txtFslipOut = document.getElementById('txt-fslip-out');
            // State variables
            const state = {
                poles: 4,
                freq: 60.0,
                torque: 15.0,
                baseFreq: 60.0,
                // Calculated
                ns: 1800,
                nr: 1745,
                volt: 220,
                slip: 0.03,
                // Rotation visualization
                statorAngle: 0.0,
                rotorAngle: 0.0,
                lastTime: 0
            };
            function resizeCanvas() {
                const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
                const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
                canvas.width = rect.width * dpr;
                canvas.height = rect.height * dpr;
                ctx.scale(dpr, dpr);
            }
            resizeCanvas();
            window.addEventListener('resize', resizeCanvas);
            setTimeout(resizeCanvas, 300);
            // Sync Inputs
            function syncFreqFromSlider() {
                const val = parseFloat(sliderFreq.value);
                inputFreq.value = val.toFixed(1);
                state.freq = val;
                clearPresets();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncFreqFromInput() {
                let val = parseFloat(inputFreq.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 5; }
                if (val < 5) { val = 5; }
                if (val > 120) { val = 120; }
                sliderFreq.value = Math.round(val);
                state.freq = val;
                clearPresets();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncTorqueFromSlider() {
                const val = parseInt(sliderTorque.value);
                inputTorque.value = val;
                state.torque = val;
                clearPresets();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function syncTorqueFromInput() {
                let val = parseInt(inputTorque.value);
                if (isNaN(val)) { val = 0; }
                if (val < 0) { val = 0; }
                if (val > 40) { val = 40; }
                sliderTorque.value = val;
                state.torque = val;
                clearPresets();
                updateCalculations();
            }
            // Calculations
            function updateCalculations() {
                // Sync Speed Ns = 120 * f / P
                state.ns = (120.0 * state.freq) / state.poles;
                // V/F Voltage sizing (KEC regulation constants)
                // If freq <= baseFreq, V = 220 * (freq / baseFreq).
                // If freq > baseFreq, V = 220 (Voltage clamped at 220V)
                // Add minor torque boost at low frequencies
                if (state.freq <= state.baseFreq) {
                    const vfConst = 220.0 / state.baseFreq;
                    let boost = 0.0;
                    if (state.freq < 20.0) {
                        // Boost increases as frequency decreases
                        boost = 25.0 * (1.0 - state.freq / 20.0);
                    }
                    state.volt = vfConst * state.freq + boost;
                    if (state.volt > 220.0) {
                        state.volt = 220.0;
                    }
                } else {
                    state.volt = 220.0; // field weakening
                }
                // Slip model: slip s increases with torque and decreases with higher frequency
                // At extremely low speeds, slip increases due to drop in stator flux.
                let baseSlip = 0.025; // 2.5% full load slip
                const torqueRatio = state.torque / 20.0; // normalized around nominal 20 Nm
                // Slip = s_nominal * (T_load/T_rated) * (f_base / f_actual)
                let calculatedSlip = baseSlip * torqueRatio * (state.baseFreq / state.freq);
                if (calculatedSlip > 0.15) {
                    calculatedSlip = 0.15; // cap slip at 15% to avoid virtual stalling
                }
                if (calculatedSlip < 0.0) {
                    calculatedSlip = 0.0;
                }
                state.slip = calculatedSlip;
                state.nr = state.ns * (1.0 - state.slip);
                if (state.nr < 0) {
                    state.nr = 0;
                }
                const slipHz = state.freq * state.slip;
                // Mechanical power out: P = T * omega
                const omega = (2.0 * Math.PI * state.nr) / 60.0;
                const powerWatts = state.torque * omega;
                const powerKw = powerWatts / 1000.0;
                const powerHp = powerKw * 1.341;
                const vfRatioVal = state.volt / state.freq;
                // UI Updates
                txtNsOut.innerText = Math.round(state.ns) + ' RPM';
                txtFslipOut.innerText = slipHz.toFixed(2) + ' Hz';
                txtNrOut.innerText = Math.round(state.nr) + ' RPM';
                txtSlipPercent.innerText = '(실시간 슬립율: ' + (state.slip * 100.0).toFixed(1) + '%)';
                txtVoltOut.innerText = state.volt.toFixed(1) + ' V';
                txtPowerOut.innerText = powerKw.toFixed(2) + ' kW (' + powerHp.toFixed(1) + ' HP)';
                txtVfRatio.innerText = vfRatioVal.toFixed(2) + ' V/Hz';
                // Safety checks
                if (state.slip > 0.08) {
                    txtInverterState.innerText = '경고 (슬립 과밀/과하중)';
                    txtInverterState.style.color = 'var(--color-danger)';
                } else {
                    if (state.freq > state.baseFreq) {
                        txtInverterState.innerText = '운전 중 (약자속 속도제어)';
                        txtInverterState.style.color = '#f59e0b';
                    } else {
                        txtInverterState.innerText = '운전 중 (정속 토크제어)';
                        txtInverterState.style.color = '#10b981';
                    }
                }
            }
            // Presets
            function loadPreset(key) {
                clearPresets();
                presetButtons.forEach(btn => {
                    if (btn.dataset.preset === key) {
                        btn.classList.add('active');
                    }
                });
                if (key === 'rated') {
                    state.poles = 4;
                    state.freq = 60.0;
                    state.torque = 15.0;
                    state.baseFreq = 60.0;
                }
                if (key === 'boost') {
                    state.poles = 4;
                    state.freq = 15.0;
                    state.torque = 30.0;
                    state.baseFreq = 60.0;
                }
                if (key === 'weak') {
                    state.poles = 4;
                    state.freq = 100.0;
                    state.torque = 8.0;
                    state.baseFreq = 60.0;
                }
                // Sync UI elements
                document.querySelectorAll('#control-poles .segment-btn').forEach(btn => {
                    btn.classList.remove('active');
                    if (parseInt(btn.dataset.value) === state.poles) {
                        btn.classList.add('active');
                    }
                });
                document.querySelectorAll('#control-base .segment-btn').forEach(btn => {
                    btn.classList.remove('active');
                    if (parseInt(btn.dataset.value) === state.baseFreq) {
                        btn.classList.add('active');
                    }
                });
                inputFreq.value = state.freq.toFixed(1);
                sliderFreq.value = Math.round(state.freq);
                inputTorque.value = state.torque;
                sliderTorque.value = state.torque;
                updateCalculations();
            }
            function clearPresets() {
                presetButtons.forEach(btn => btn.classList.remove('active'));
            }
            // Bind Event Listeners
            sliderFreq.addEventListener('input', syncFreqFromSlider);
            inputFreq.addEventListener('change', syncFreqFromInput);
            sliderTorque.addEventListener('input', syncTorqueFromSlider);
            inputTorque.addEventListener('change', syncTorqueFromInput);
            // Poles
            document.querySelectorAll('#control-poles .segment-btn').forEach(btn => {
                btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
                    document.querySelectorAll('#control-poles .segment-btn').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
                    btn.classList.add('active');
                    state.poles = parseInt(btn.dataset.value);
                    clearPresets();
                    updateCalculations();
                });
            });
            // Base Freq
            document.querySelectorAll('#control-base .segment-btn').forEach(btn => {
                btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
                    document.querySelectorAll('#control-base .segment-btn').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
                    btn.classList.add('active');
                    state.baseFreq = parseInt(btn.dataset.value);
                    clearPresets();
                    updateCalculations();
                });
            });
            presetButtons.forEach(btn => {
                btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
                    loadPreset(btn.dataset.preset);
                });
            });
            // Animation Loop
            function animate(currentTime) {
                requestAnimationFrame(animate);
                let dt = (currentTime - state.lastTime) / 1000;
                if (isNaN(dt)) { dt = 0.016; }
                if (dt < 0) { dt = 0.016; }
                if (dt > 1.0) { dt = 0.016; }
                state.lastTime = currentTime;
                const width = canvas.width / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                const height = canvas.height / (window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
                ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
                // Draw Grid
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.06)';
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                const gridSpacing = 25;
                for (let x = 0; x < width; x += gridSpacing) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(x, 0);
                    ctx.lineTo(x, height);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                for (let y = 0; y < height; y += gridSpacing) {
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(0, y);
                    ctx.lineTo(width, y);
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Geometry
                const motorCx = width * 0.36;
                const motorCy = height * 0.50;
                const statorR = Math.min(width, height) * 0.23;
                const rotorR = statorR * 0.65;
                // Sync spinning speeds visually (apply stroboscopic capping for visual rendering)
                const visNs = Math.min(state.ns * 0.005, 10.0);
                const visNr = Math.min(state.nr * 0.005, 10.0);
                state.statorAngle += visNs * dt;
                state.rotorAngle += visNr * dt;
                // Draw Legend/Scale in Top Left Corner (Enlarge font size and apply solid colors)
                ctx.save();
                ctx.textAlign = "left";
                // Stator field vector legend
                ctx.fillStyle = "#0284c7";
                ctx.font = "bold 12px Inter";
                ctx.fillText("■ Bs (고정자 회전자계 벡터)", 16, 24);
                // Rotor field vector legend
                ctx.fillStyle = "#db2777";
                ctx.font = "bold 12px Inter";
                ctx.fillText("■ Br (회전자 극성/속도 벡터)", 16, 40);
                // Slip/Lag explanation
                ctx.fillStyle = "#475569";
                ctx.font = "bold 10.5px Inter";
                ctx.fillText("※ 회전자계(Ns)와 로터(Nr)의 속도차(슬립)만큼 두 벡터 사이의 부하각이 벌어집니다.", 16, 56);
                ctx.restore();
                // A. Draw Stator Core Ring
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(motorCx, motorCy);
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(241, 245, 249, 0.95)";
                ctx.strokeStyle = "#475569";
                ctx.lineWidth = 4;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(0, 0, statorR, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.stroke();
                // Draw stator magnetic poles indicators
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.06)";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(0, 0, statorR - 8, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                // Draw actual copper coil poles wrapped around the stator ring
                const polesCount = state.poles;
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = "#475569";
                ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;
                for (let i = 0; i < polesCount; i++) {
                    const poleAngle = (i * 2 * Math.PI) / polesCount;
                    // Stator current phase value for this pole
                    const val = Math.cos(state.statorAngle * (polesCount / 2) - i * Math.PI);
                    // Pole core peg
                    const px = Math.cos(poleAngle) * (statorR - 12);
                    const py = Math.sin(poleAngle) * (statorR - 12);
                    const pxOuter = Math.cos(poleAngle) * statorR;
                    const pyOuter = Math.sin(poleAngle) * statorR;
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(pxOuter, pyOuter);
                    ctx.lineTo(px, py);
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Copper coil wrapped around the core
                    ctx.save();
                    ctx.translate(px, py);
                    ctx.rotate(poleAngle + Math.PI / 2);
                    // Copper orange color
                    ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(217, 119, 6, 0.85)";
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.roundRect(-8, -4, 16, 8, 2);
                    ctx.fill();
                    ctx.stroke();
                    // Dynamic magnetic field glow based on phase current polarity (North is red, South is blue)
                    if (val > 0) {
                        ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(239, 68, 68, ${0.1 + 0.55 * val})`; // North (Red)
                        ctx.shadowBlur = 8 * val;
                        ctx.shadowColor = "#ef4444";
                    } else {
                        ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(59, 130, 246, ${0.1 + 0.55 * Math.abs(val)})`; // South (Blue)
                        ctx.shadowBlur = 8 * Math.abs(val);
                        ctx.shadowColor = "#3b80f6";
                    }
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.arc(0, -6, 5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                    ctx.fill();
                    // Draw N/S label text inside the glowing dot
                    ctx.fillStyle = "#ffffff";
                    ctx.font = "bold 6.5px Inter";
                    ctx.textAlign = "center";
                    ctx.fillText(val > 0 ? "N" : "S", 0, -4);
                    ctx.restore();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // Draw magnetic flux field lines in the air gap
                ctx.save();
                ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.12)";
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                const fluxLinesCount = 8;
                for (let i = 0; i < fluxLinesCount; i++) {
                    const angle = state.statorAngle + (i * 2 * Math.PI) / fluxLinesCount;
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.arc(
                        Math.cos(angle) * (statorR - 16),
                        Math.sin(angle) * (statorR - 16),
                        8,
                        angle - Math.PI / 4,
                        angle + Math.PI / 4
                    );
                    ctx.stroke();
                }
                ctx.restore();
                // B. Draw Inner Rotor Ring (spinning at Nr)
                ctx.save();
                ctx.rotate(state.rotorAngle);
                // Rotor steel body
                ctx.fillStyle = "#ffffff";
                ctx.strokeStyle = "#db2777";
                ctx.lineWidth = 3;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(0, 0, rotorR, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.stroke();
                // Draw copper rotor winding bars (circular bars near the rotor edge)
                ctx.fillStyle = "#d97706"; // copper bars
                const bars = 18;
                for (let i = 0; i < bars; i++) {
                    const angle = (i * 2 * Math.PI) / bars;
                    const bx = Math.cos(angle) * (rotorR - 8);
                    const by = Math.sin(angle) * (rotorR - 8);
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.arc(bx, by, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                    ctx.fill();
                }
                // Rotational index dot
                ctx.fillStyle = "#db2777";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(rotorR - 18, 0, 5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.restore(); // restore rotor rotation
                // Draw 3-Phase Rotating Magnetic Field Vectors (Bs and Br) in the center of the motor
                ctx.save();
                // Vector Bs (Stator Rotating Field Vector) - bright cyan arrow
                ctx.strokeStyle = "var(--color-cyan)";
                ctx.lineWidth = 3.5;
                ctx.shadowBlur = 8;
                ctx.shadowColor = "var(--color-cyan)";
                const bsLx = Math.cos(state.statorAngle) * (rotorR * 0.75);
                const bsLy = Math.sin(state.statorAngle) * (rotorR * 0.75);
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
                ctx.lineTo(bsLx, bsLy);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Vector Bs arrow head
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(bsLx, bsLy);
                ctx.rotate(state.statorAngle);
                ctx.fillStyle = "var(--color-cyan)";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
                ctx.lineTo(-6, -4);
                ctx.lineTo(-6, 4);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.restore();
                // Vector Br (Rotor Field Vector) - bright magenta arrow
                ctx.strokeStyle = "var(--color-magenta)";
                ctx.lineWidth = 3;
                ctx.shadowBlur = 8;
                ctx.shadowColor = "var(--color-magenta)";
                const brLx = Math.cos(state.rotorAngle) * (rotorR * 0.68);
                const brLy = Math.sin(state.rotorAngle) * (rotorR * 0.68);
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
                ctx.lineTo(brLx, brLy);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Vector Br arrow head
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(brLx, brLy);
                ctx.rotate(state.rotorAngle);
                ctx.fillStyle = "var(--color-magenta)";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
                ctx.lineTo(-5, -3.5);
                ctx.lineTo(-5, 3.5);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.restore();
                ctx.restore(); // restore vectors
                ctx.restore(); // restore translate
                // C. Render V/F Curve Graph
                ctx.save();
                const plotX = width * 0.65;
                const plotW = width * 0.26;
                const plotH = height * 0.40;
                const plotY = height * 0.45;
                // Draw graph background container (widen left &#038; right sides to prevent label overflow/clipping)
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95)";
                ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.15)";
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.roundRect(plotX - 40, plotY - 30, plotW + 85, plotH + 50, 8);
                ctx.fill();
                ctx.stroke();
                // Draw Graph Title (larger, bold, clear color, moved higher to distinguish from Y-axis label)
                ctx.fillStyle = "#1e293b";
                ctx.font = "bold 11px Inter";
                ctx.textAlign = "center";
                ctx.fillText("V/F 패턴 제어 곡선 (운전 특성)", plotX + plotW / 2, plotY - 18);
                // Draw constant torque and field weakening region boundaries
                const baseF = state.baseFreq;
                const baseFx = plotX + (baseF / 120.0) * plotW;
                // Define getGraphY and dynamic operating coordinates early to conditionally hide ticks
                const getGraphY = (fVal) => {
                    let v = 0;
                    if (fVal <= baseF) {
                        const vf = 220.0 / baseF;
                        let b = 0;
                        if (fVal < 20.0) {
                            b = 25.0 * (1.0 - fVal / 20.0);
                        }
                        v = vf * fVal + b;
                        if (v > 220.0) { v = 220.0; }
                    } else {
                        v = 220.0;
                    }
                    return plotY + plotH - (v / 250.0) * plotH;
                };
                const currentGx = plotX + (state.freq / 120.0) * plotW;
                const currentGy = getGraphY(state.freq);
                const ratedVy = plotY + plotH - (220.0 / 250.0) * plotH;
                // Constant torque region background (soft blue tint)
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.03)";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.rect(plotX, plotY, baseFx - plotX, plotH);
                ctx.fill();
                // Field weakening region background (soft purple tint)
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(124, 58, 237, 0.03)";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.rect(baseFx, plotY, plotX + plotW - baseFx, plotH);
                ctx.fill();
                // Region Labels at the bottom of graph
                ctx.fillStyle = "#475569";
                ctx.font = "bold 9.5px Inter";
                ctx.textAlign = "center";
                ctx.fillText("정토크 영역", plotX + (baseFx - plotX) / 2, plotY + plotH - 8);
                ctx.fillText("약자속 영역", baseFx + (plotX + plotW - baseFx) / 2, plotY + plotH - 8);
                // Draw Axes (darker, clearer stroke)
                ctx.strokeStyle = "#334155";
                ctx.lineWidth = 2;
                ctx.beginPath();
                // Y-axis
                ctx.moveTo(plotX, plotY - 5);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX, plotY + plotH);
                // X-axis
                ctx.lineTo(plotX + plotW + 8, plotY + plotH);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Axis arrows
                ctx.fillStyle = "#334155";
                ctx.beginPath();
                // Y-axis arrow
                ctx.moveTo(plotX - 3.5, plotY - 4);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX + 3.5, plotY - 4);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX, plotY - 10);
                ctx.closePath();
                // X-axis arrow
                ctx.moveTo(plotX + plotW + 7, plotY + plotH - 3.5);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX + plotW + 7, plotY + plotH + 3.5);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX + plotW + 13, plotY + plotH);
                ctx.closePath();
                ctx.fill();
                // Axis Labels (positioned clearly outside axis boundaries to distinguish from title)
                ctx.font = "bold 10.5px Inter";
                ctx.fillStyle = "#1e293b";
                // Y-axis label (positioned to the left of the vertical axis, right-aligned)
                ctx.textAlign = "right";
                ctx.fillText("V [V]", plotX - 8, plotY - 2);
                // X-axis label (positioned above the horizontal axis line, left-aligned)
                ctx.textAlign = "left";
                ctx.fillText("f [Hz]", plotX + plotW + 12, plotY + plotH - 3);
                // Static Ticks on Axes
                ctx.font = "bold 9.5px Inter";
                ctx.fillStyle = "#64748b";
                ctx.textAlign = "center";
                // X-axis static ticks: 0, 120 (conditionally hidden to avoid overlapping)
                if (currentGx - plotX > 20) {
                    ctx.fillText("0", plotX, plotY + plotH + 11);
                }
                if (plotX + plotW - currentGx > 28) {
                    ctx.fillText("120", plotX + plotW, plotY + plotH + 11);
                }
                // Y-axis static tick: 220V line y coordinate (conditionally hidden to avoid overlapping with currentGy)
                if (Math.abs(currentGy - ratedVy) > 10) {
                    ctx.textAlign = "right";
                    ctx.fillText("220V", plotX - 6, ratedVy + 3);
                }
                // Static gridlines (dashed) at 220V and Base Freq (60Hz)
                ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(71, 85, 105, 0.12)";
                ctx.lineWidth = 1;
                ctx.setLineDash([3, 3]);
                // Vertical line at Base Freq (60Hz)
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(baseFx, plotY);
                ctx.lineTo(baseFx, plotY + plotH);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Horizontal line at 220V
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(plotX, ratedVy);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX + plotW, ratedVy);
                ctx.stroke();
                ctx.setLineDash([]); // Reset line dash
                // Draw V/F curve line (distinct purple color)
                ctx.strokeStyle = "#7c3aed";
                ctx.lineWidth = 3;
                ctx.beginPath();
                for (let f = 0; f <= 120; f += 2) {
                    const gx = plotX + (f / 120.0) * plotW;
                    const gy = getGraphY(f);
                    if (f === 0) {
                        ctx.moveTo(gx, gy);
                    } else {
                        ctx.lineTo(gx, gy);
                    }
                }
                ctx.stroke();
                // Dynamic Operating Point &#038; Crosshair Guidelines
                // Draw Crosshairs (cyan dashed lines indicating current coordinates)
                ctx.strokeStyle = "#0284c7";
                ctx.lineWidth = 1.2;
                ctx.setLineDash([3, 3]);
                // Vertical crosshair to X-axis
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(currentGx, currentGy);
                ctx.lineTo(currentGx, plotY + plotH);
                ctx.stroke();
                // Horizontal crosshair to Y-axis
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.moveTo(currentGx, currentGy);
                ctx.lineTo(plotX, currentGy);
                ctx.stroke();
                ctx.setLineDash([]); // Reset
                // Draw Dynamic Ticks/Values on Axes in highlighted color (#0284c7)
                ctx.font = "bold 10px Inter";
                ctx.fillStyle = "#0284c7";
                ctx.textAlign = "center";
                // X-axis dynamic frequency value
                ctx.fillText(state.freq.toFixed(1) + "Hz", currentGx, plotY + plotH + 11);
                // Y-axis dynamic voltage value
                ctx.textAlign = "right";
                ctx.fillText(Math.round(state.volt) + "V", plotX - 6, currentGy + 3.5);
                // Draw current operating point dot on graph (pulsing glowing dot)
                // Outer glow halo
                ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25)";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(currentGx, currentGy, 9, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                // Inner solid dot
                ctx.fillStyle = "#0284c7";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(currentGx, currentGy, 5.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                // Core highlight dot
                ctx.fillStyle = "#ffffff";
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(currentGx, currentGy, 2, 0, Math.PI * 2);
                ctx.fill();
                // Draw coordinate text next to the dot (no background box, larger and high-contrast dark font, placed above the dashed line)
                ctx.fillStyle = "#0f172a";
                ctx.font = "bold 11px Inter";
                if (currentGx + 8 + 65 > plotX + plotW + 15) {
                    ctx.textAlign = "right";
                    ctx.fillText(`${state.freq.toFixed(1)}Hz, ${Math.round(state.volt)}V`, currentGx - 8, currentGy - 8);
                } else {
                    ctx.textAlign = "left";
                    ctx.fillText(`${state.freq.toFixed(1)}Hz, ${Math.round(state.volt)}V`, currentGx + 8, currentGy - 8);
                }
                ctx.restore();
            }
            // Sync preset and run initial calculations
            loadPreset('rated');
            requestAnimationFrame(animate);
            // Right-click & Keyboard shortcuts block
            document.addEventListener('contextmenu', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                return false;
            }, { capture: true });
            document.addEventListener('selectstart', function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                return false;
            }, { capture: true });
            document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
                if (e.key === 'F12') {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                    return false;
                }
                if (e.ctrlKey) {
                    if (e.key === 'u' || e.key === 'c' || e.key === 's' || e.key === 'U' || e.key === 'C' || e.key === 'S') {
                        e.preventDefault();
                        alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                        return false;
                    }
                    if (e.shiftKey) {
                        if (['i','I','j','J','c','C'].includes(e.key)) {
                            e.preventDefault();
                            alert("이 콘텐츠는 저작권법의 보호를 받습니다. 무단 복제 및 우클릭을 금지합니다.");
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }, { capture: true });
        }
        let initAttempts = 0;
        function tryInit() {
            initAttempts++;
            initSimulator();
            if (!window.__inverter_initialized) {
                if (initAttempts < 50) {
                    setTimeout(tryInit, 100);
                }
            }
        }
        if (document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive') {
            tryInit();
        } else {
            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryInit);
            window.addEventListener('load', tryInit);
        }
        })();
</script>


<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0,242,254,0.03), rgba(138,43,226,0.03)); border: 1px solid rgba(0,242,254,0.15); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 24px; margin: 25px auto 35px auto; font-size: 0.95em; color: #4b5563; line-height: 1.7; font-family: sans-serif;">
    <strong style="color: #1f2937; font-size: 1.05em; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
        <span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="💡" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></span> 간편 사용 설명서
    </strong>
    <ol style="margin: 10px 0 0 0; padding-left: 20px;">
        <li style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><strong>모터 극수(P) 설정: 전동기의 극수(2P, 4P, 6P, 8P)를 선정하여 동기 속도의 기준을 세웁니다.</strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">출력 주파수(Hz) 조절: 인버터(VFD)가 출력할 운전 주파수(5Hz ~ 120Hz)를 조절하여 자계 속도를 정합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">부하 토크(Nm) 입력: 모터 축에 작용하는 기계적 부하 토크를 조정하여 슬립(Slip) 속도 감쇠를 관찰합니다.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 6px;">실시간 2D 동역학 자계 모니터링: 고정자가 만드는 초고속 회전자계(Ns)와 실제 슬립이 반영되어 따라가는 회전자(Nr)의 속도 격차 및 실시간 V/F 매핑 커브점을 관찰합니다.</li>
    </ol>
</div>


<details class="premium-seo-accordion" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.08); border-radius: 12px; background: #fbfbfc; padding: 0; margin: 30px auto; box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.01); font-family: sans-serif;">
    <summary style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 20px 24px; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700; color: #1f2937; cursor: pointer; user-select: none; outline: none; list-style: none;">
        <span><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f4da.png" alt="📚" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> 상세 유도전동기 V/F 인버터 제어 공식 확인하기</span>
        <span class="accordion-arrow" style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #9ca3af; transition: transform 0.2s ease;">▼</span>
    </summary>
    <div style="padding: 0 24px 24px 24px; border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.04); background: #ffffff; border-radius: 0 0 12px 12px; font-size: 0.98em; color: #374151; line-height: 1.8;">
        <div style="margin-top: 20px;">
            <h3>1. 인버터(VFD) 제어의 기본 원리 및 V/F 일정 제어</h3>
<p>가변 주파수 드라이브(VFD, Variable Frequency Drive) 또는 인버터는 삼상 유도전동기에 인가되는 전원의 주파수(<code>f</code>)와 전압(<code>V</code>)을 동적으로 변환하여 모터의 회전 속도를 고효율로 정밀 제어하는 핵심 전력 제어 장치입니다.</p><ul><li><strong>V/F 일정 제어 (Constant Volts-per-Hertz Control):</strong> 주파수를 낮출 때 전압을 그대로 유지하면 철심이 자기적으로 포화되어 과전류가 흐르고 모터가 손상됩니다. 따라서 주파수에 비례하여 공급 전압을 선형적으로 줄여 철심 내부의 자속 밀도를 일정하게 유지합니다.</li><li><strong>저속 토크 부스트 (Torque Boost):</strong> 극저속 영역(10Hz 이하)에서는 고정자 권선 저항에 의한 전압 강하가 상대적으로 커져 토크가 급감합니다. 인버터는 이를 보상하기 위해 저주파 구동 시 전압을 약간 높여 시동 토크를 유지하는 부스트 처리를 수행합니다.</li></ul>
<h3>2. 유도전동기 동기 속도(Ns), 로터 속도(Nr) 및 슬립(s) 공식 유도</h3>
<p>인버터 유도 제어 설계 공식은 다음과 같은 회전기계 동역학 공식을 따릅니다.</p><p><strong>① 동기 회전 속도 (Synchronous Speed, Ns):</strong> 고정자 권선에 삼상 전류가 인가되었을 때 형성되는 회전자계의 이론상 회전 속도입니다.</p><p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background: #f3f4f6; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px;">N_s = (120 &times; f) / P &nbsp;[RPM]</p><p><strong>② 슬립 (Slip, s) 및 회전자 실제 속도 (Rotor Speed, Nr):</strong> 유도전동기는 자계의 변화로 로터에 전류가 유도되므로 회전자는 항상 자계 속도보다 뒤처져서 돕니다. 이 속도 편차 비율을 슬립(<code>s</code>)이라 합니다.</p><p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background: #f3f4f6; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px;">s = (N_s - N_r) / N_s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N_r = N_s &times; (1 - s) &nbsp;[RPM]</p><p><strong>③ 기계적 출력 동력 (Power, P):</strong> 실제 회전 속도 <code>Nr</code>과 작용 부하 토크 <code>T</code>의 곱으로 소요 출력 동력을 결정합니다.</p><p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; background: #e0f2fe; padding: 16px; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 1.05em; color: #0369a1;">P_out = T &times; &omega; = T &times; (2 &pi; &times; N_r / 60) / 1000 &nbsp;[kW]</p>
<h3>3. 자계 기동 한계 및 약자속 제어 (Field Weakening)</h3>
<p>인버터 속도 제어 범위는 기저 주파수(Base Frequency, 50Hz/60Hz)를 기준으로 두 영역으로 나뉩니다.</p><ul><li><strong>정토크 제어 영역 (Constant Torque Region):</strong> 기저 주파수 이하의 영역으로 V/F 비율을 일정하게 유지하여 최대 사용 가능 토크가 일정합니다.</li><li><strong>정출력/약자속 제어 영역 (Constant Power / Field Weakening Region):</strong> 기저 주파수 이상의 초고주파 영역입니다. 전압은 전원 계통 한계로 더 높일 수 없으므로(정전압 고정), 주파수만 단독으로 높여 자속 밀도를 약화시키고, 이에 따라 출력 토크는 주파수에 반비례하여 감소하지만 총 기계적 출력 동력(kW)은 일정하게 유지됩니다.</li></ul>
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